Term
| About how much of the earth is covered in water? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how much of the earth's water is fresh? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest consumer of fresh water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the top three household consumers of water? |
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Definition
| toilet flushing, bathing, laundry |
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Term
| What is the definition of water pollution? |
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Definition
| Any physical, chemical, or biological change in the quality of water which has a harmful effect of any living thing that drinks it, uses it, or lives in it. |
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Term
| What are two pollution source types? |
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Definition
| point and non-point source |
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Term
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Definition
| A source that discharges the pollutant into the environment at a specific location. Examples: factories, wastewater treatment plant discharge pipes, oil wells, underground tankers, agriculture... (? Isn't agricultural runoff a non-point source?) |
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Term
| What is a non-point source? |
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Definition
| It cannot be traced to a specific site of discharge. Acid deposition from the air, traffic, pollutants spread through rivers, groundwater pollution going to surface water. Hard to control because perpetrators can't be traced. |
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Term
| What are two forms in which pollutants can exist in water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one implication of high COD/BOD? |
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Definition
| It will strip oxygen from the water, killing aqueous life. |
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Term
| What causes eutrophication? |
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Definition
| High nutrient loading (nitrogen/phosphorus) |
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Term
| Name two reasons why certain discharges are prohibited |
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Definition
| protect the treatment works, and aesthetic purposes |
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Term
| What are the main effects of water pollutants on humans? |
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Definition
| genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, disturbance of energy transfer, reproductive failure, behavioral effects |
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Term
| Name six types of chemical contaminants in wastewater |
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Definition
organic chemicals
disinfection byproducts
inorganic chemicals
radionuclides
physical and aesthetic characteristics
"emerging pollutants" |
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Term
| What are four chemical classes of pollutants? |
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Definition
pesticides and herbicides
organic solvents
fuel components
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons |
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Term
| What are five health effects of organic chemicals? |
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Definition
carcinogenicity
teratogenicity (birth defects)
Nervous system impairments
Liver and other organ impairment
Reproductive impairment |
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Term
| What are reaction byproducts? |
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Definition
| Disinfection with chlorine causes reaction byproducts with organic matter with water. All are suspected human carcinogenics |
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Term
| What are the main two chemical classes of disinfection byproducts? |
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Definition
TTHMs - total trihalomethanes
HAA5 - five haloacetic acids |
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Term
| Name and draw four trihalomethanes |
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Definition
chloroform
bromodichloromethane
chlorodibromomethane
bromoform |
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Term
| Name and draw five haloacetic acids |
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Definition
Monochloroacetic acid
dichloroacetic acid
trichloroacetic acid
Bromoacetic acid
dibromoacetic acid |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical antimony? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical arsenic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical barium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical beryllium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical cadmium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical chromium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical copper? |
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Definition
| gastrointestinal, liver, or kidney damage |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical cyanide? |
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Definition
| nervous system impairment |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical fluoride? |
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Definition
| dental fluorosis (staining), bone disease |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical lead? |
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Definition
| impaired mental development |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical mercury? |
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Definition
| kidney damage, birth defects |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical nitrate? |
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Definition
| methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical selenium? |
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Definition
| hair loss, circulatory problems |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical sodium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the inorganic chemical thallium? |
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Definition
| blood, kidney, liver, intestinal effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formed from radioactive decay. Can cause cancer |
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Term
| What are two types of radionuclides, and from what are they composed? |
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Definition
alpha particles: two protons and two neutrons
beta particules: electrons |
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Term
| Name three types of radionuclides and their respective health effects |
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Definition
radium-226 - cancer
radium - 228 - cancer
uranium - kidney damage, cancer |
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Term
| Do radionuclides occur naturally? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical turbidity? |
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Definition
| Harbors bacteria, interferes with treatment |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical color/odor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical silver? |
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Definition
| causes argyria (turns skin blue) |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical sulfate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical chloride? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical TDS? |
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Definition
| salty taste, scaling of pipes |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical hardness? |
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Definition
| causes deposits on bathroom fixtures |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical iron? |
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Definition
| stains laundry and fixtures |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical manganese? |
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Definition
| stains laundry and fixtures |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical copper? |
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Definition
| stains laundry and fixtures |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical detergents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical pH? |
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Definition
| pipe corrosion, impaired taste |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of the physical/aesthetic characteristic/chemical phenols? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name four general types of emerging pollutants |
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Definition
antibiotics (veterinary and human)
human (non-)prescription drugs
Industrial and household wastewater products
sexual and steroidal hormones |
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Term
| Name three specific types of emerging pollutants, in order of most commonly found |
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Definition
| caffeine, triclosan, estrogen |
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Term
| Name and draw two specific emerging pollutants |
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Definition
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)
Perchlorate (ClO4) |
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Term
| Name six types of biological pathogens, in order of approximate size |
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Definition
bacteria
viruses
protozoa
nematode helminth worms
trematode helminth worms
tapeworms |
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Term
| How big of particle can filter sand strain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does anaerobiosis lead to? |
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Definition
| hydrogen sulfide formation. Death of aquatic life. Odor. Corrosion |
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Term
| Name four bacteria measures for domestic wastewater |
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Definition
total coliform
fecal coliform
cryptosporidium oocysts
giardia lamblia cysts |
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