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| Spacecraft set into a comet to see what a comet was made of. They found water vapor |
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| Just outside of earth and gives us weather |
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| Solar spacecrft used to look at suns x rays |
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| Looks for earth sized planets in habital zone of nearby stars |
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| Gamma rays from nuclear reactions on the sun during solar flares |
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| Looks at solar flares and solar oscillations and infers internal structure of sun from seismology |
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| Two spacecraft that give a 3D view of some chromomass injection |
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| High res images of chromal loops |
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| First spacecraft above solar poles, measuring velocity of winds |
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| Went by giant planets, still out there sampling distant regions of solar system beyond solar winds |
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| Japanese satellite, x rays from the sun |
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| First discovered positrons |
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| First explained nuclear fusion reactions that make the sun shine |
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| How the suns variable magnetic field generated |
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| Wavelengths of hydrogen lines from sun |
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| First to observe neutrinos |
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| Predicted solar positrons |
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| Discovered the Ozone hole |
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| First to suggest that the sun might shine by converting hydrogen into helium |
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| Discovered the anti-correlation between solar activity and the number of cosmic rays arriving at the earth when there's a max of solar activity fewer cosmic rays, and vice versa |
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| The sun emits all colors of light, at some very specific wavelengths there is no color, the sun is dark. Fraunhofer saw them and was the first to document hundreds of them, provided the keys to the chemistry of the universe, the dark lines occurred at the wavelengths made by a very specific element, it's absorbing the light and making it dark. |
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| Discovered explanation of alpha decay via tunneling |
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| Physician for queen elizabeth, first to say the earth is a great magnet |
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| invented the name magnetosphere. Also proposed that magnetic clouds would travel to the earth. Explained how solar flares might occur |
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| measured magnetic field and sunspots |
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| Showed that the dark lines in the sun tell you what element is there |
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| First to show the center of the sun is 15 million degrees hot |
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| Discovered the oscillations in the sun |
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| First discovered with Janssen helium in the sun |
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| First transmitted radio waves half way around the world. Nobody thought it could be done, but the ionosphere reflected the radio waves |
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| Cause of the ice ages astronomical rhythms |
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| Warned CFCs will destroy ozone |
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| Idea that solar wind, showed that the magnetic field pulled out from the sun would have a spiral shape |
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| Radioactivity led to the toning effect, led to the need for neutrino |
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| One of the first to say neutrinos could change type or character |
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| Showed that atom had nucleus |
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| Explained why suns heavier than the sunshine, led the way to bethe's explanation by saying it has to start with the coalescence of protons |
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| Showed how neutrinos could change character |
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| Measured strength and direction of magnetic fields |
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| Nucleus of a hydrogen atom |
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| Neutrino is produced in nuclear that make the sun shine. Little or no mass, no charge |
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| Nuclei produced in very rare side reactions that make sun shine |
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| Man-made chemicals that are destroying ozone |
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| Molecule that we breath. 21% of atmosphere oxygen |
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| Long, used to communicate, bounced off ionosphere |
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| Features at a very specific wavelength caused by a specific element that absorbs radiation |
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| emitted at all wavelengths |
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| Forbidden in terrestrial laboratory. Exist in suns corona, the discovery of the corona came from the detection of emission in forbidden lines |
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| Fraunhofer absorption lines |
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| Used to determine ingredients of the sun |
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| Photon energy and wavelength |
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| Shorter the wavelength, more energetic the radiation |
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| started the expansion of the universe |
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| made the rest of the stuff in our universe |
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| merging of electrons and positrons to make radiation |
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| Allows protons to merge together |
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| oscillation period of the sun |
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| Time it takes radiation from sun to reach the earth |
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| Time it takes radiation from next nearest star to reach earth |
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| Not detecting as many neutrinos as predicted, realized that they were only detecting electron neutrinos |
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| Solar magnetic acitivty cycle, sun spot cycle |
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| time for global magnetism of sun to change polarity |
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| time for which sun spots are known to disappear entirely |
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| length of an interglacial period that separates ice ages |
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| center of sun to visible disc of sun |
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| age of oldest fossils on earth |
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| age of earth, sun, and solar system |
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| amount of time the sun has left |
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| age of teh expanding universe |
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| burning of hydrogen to make helium, how the sun shines |
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| way at which stars have used up their hydrogen to consume helium to make carbon |
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| what operates in the sun, hydrogen burning |
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| occurs in stars more massive than the sun |
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| Central core, radiative zone, convective zone |
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| 2 million degrees hot, extends all the way to earth and beyond in solar wind |
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| Homestake neutrino detector |
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| Kamiokande neutrino detector |
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| Sudbury neutrino detector |
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| technique of measuring the velocity of motion of a radiating source |
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polarization, measures direction
splitting, measures strength |
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| acronym for Radio Ranging and Detection |
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| Generated by earthquakes used to determine internal structure of earth |
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| See through water, used to map ocean floor, also generated in convective zone of sun |
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| Detected in polar regions of the sun, they are thought to be the reason why heavy elements move faster than light ones in coronal holes |
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| Technique of determining internal structure of the sun from sound waves |
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| Technical name for place at the bottom of the convective zone at which its thought suns magnetism is generated |
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| Earth sized dark spots in the photosphere of intense magnetism |
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| Device used to detect the corona of the sun |
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| Device used to measure the strength and direction of the suns magnetic field all over the sun |
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| Been detected in coronal holes, thought to be the place where high speed solar wind is emitted |
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When magnetic fields pointing in opposite directions meet and merge and reform,
Explanation for heating of the solar corona
Explanation for triggering and energy release of solar flares |
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| Measures velocities on the sun |
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| Detects coronal mass ejections |
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| Activity on the sun, consists of coronal loops that join the sun spots |
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| Explosion on the sun, around the size of the sun. It's a magnetic bubble that can come to the earth and produce storms in the earths magnetic field associated with those are very intense auroras |
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| Explosion on the sun, Smaller than a CME and about the size of a sunspot. They can become hotter than the center of the sun. They accelerate particles to high energy and emit intense radiation |
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| Inner planetary magnetic field belongs to the sun and is twisted by suns rotation into spiral shape |
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1) x-ray sigmoids which signify a twisting up of magnetic field
2) Look through the sun to the back side |
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| Solar Flares: Wight light solar flare |
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| Very rare, almost never seen in visible wavelengths, seen all the time with x-rays |
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| Solar Flares: Bremsstrahlung |
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| Breaking radiation. Is emitted when an electron encounters an ion |
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| Solar Flares: Nuclear Reactions |
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| Created by particles beamed down to the sun |
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| Solar Flares: Synchrotron radiation |
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| When a high speed electron encounters a magnetic field |
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Very energetic
Number of rays inversely correlated with 11-year solar activity cycle
Speed: Move at speed of light |
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| Sun produced layers in earth's atmosphere, weather |
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| Generated and maintained by suns UV radiation, ozone |
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Magnetic cavity hallowed out by solar wind in earth's atmosphere
Composed of :Bio shock, where solar wind encounters earth
Magnetotail, solar wind stretches magnetism behind sun
Radiation belts, consisting of trapped magnetic particles
Polar cusps: Funnel shaped magnetism at the poles of the earth from which energetic particles come down to produce the auroras |
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| Layer of suns atmosphere just above the photosphere |
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| Lights seen in the atmosphere. Produced by high energy electrons coming into the atmosphere and exciting the molecules |
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| Produced when a chromal mass injection encounters earth |
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| Sun has grown brighter as it gets older |
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| Term used to describe all radiation from the sun |
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| Lasting about 100,00 years. Glaciers. Thought to be caused by changes in distribution of sun light |
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| Intent to do something internationally about global warming |
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| More successful outlawing of CFCs |
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| Made by suns UV, depleted by CFCs |
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| Increased by more CO2 in earths atmosphere |
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| Direction which magnetic field and sun spots point |
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| Measures magnetic field strength and direction on the visible solar disc |
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