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| World War I, Fought from 1914 to 1918; involved almost all European nations and their respective colonies; arose over conflict in the Balkans; resulted in victory of allied countries of Britain, France, Italy, and the United States; ended with Treaty of Versailles |
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| Russian Revolution, 1917: overthrowing of the Tsarist regine; 1918 (3rd Russian Revolution): series of anarchist rebellions and uprisings against both the Bolsheviks and the White movement |
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| Treaty of Versailles, ended World War I (1919); provided for the League of Nations; also punished Germany with loss of territories and the payment of reparations as a result of their "war guilt"; Russia also lost territories with the reestablishment of Eastern European nations such as Poland |
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| Stock Market Crash, the great depression, International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and Western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century |
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| Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Japanese occupation of Manchuria lasted until the end of World War II |
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| Italian invasion of Ethiopia, war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and itsannexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa |
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| German blitzkrieg in Poland, an invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the start of World War II. The invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and ended 6 October 1939 with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland |
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| Pearl Harbor, entry of US into WWII, American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into World War II |
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| End of WWII, Fought from 1939 to 1945 on fronts including western Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East, Eurasia, southwestern Asia, China, and the Pacific; ended with defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 |
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| Independence and partition of India, the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics that led to the creation, in August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India |
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| Chinese Communist Revolution, Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). |
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| Korean War, Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea |
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| Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu, Most significant victory of the Viet Minh over French colonial forces in 1954; gave the Viet Minh control of northern position of Vietnam |
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| De-Stalinization, he process of eliminating the cult of personality and Stalinist political system created by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. |
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| Nationalization of Suez Canal |
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| Cuban Revolution, Overthrows Cuban gov't, believed too much of Cuban nation controlled by foreign interests, adopts Communist-state-controlled/nationalized economy |
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| Cuban Missile Crisis, Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba |
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| Chinese Cultural Revolution, Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation |
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| 6 Day War, 1967, a war between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights |
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| Yom Kippur War, fought from October 6 to October 26, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states backing Egypt and Syria |
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| Iranian Revolution, Transformed Iran from pro-Western nation to fundamentalist Islamic nation. becomes religious theocracy |
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| 1st Palestinian Intifada, Palestinian Arabs fighting against Israeli occupation of Gaza Strip/West Bank - boys w/ stones vs. tanks |
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| Tiananmen Square, In China, student led, believed the Communist party led government was too corrupt and repressive. Government doesn’t permit democratic reform, 1989 |
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| Fall of Berlin Wall, Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was torn down at end of Cold War in 1991 |
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| 1st Gulf War, with United Nations authorization, by a coalition force from 34 nations against Iraq, with the expressed purpose of expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after its invasion and annexation on 2 August 1990 |
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| Genocide in Rwanda, the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwanda's Tutsis and Hutu political moderates by the Hutu dominated government under the Hutu Power ideology |
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| 1st all race elections in South Africa, end of apartheid |
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| 9/11 Attacks, a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001, The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terrorism. |
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| 1. Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
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Definition
| archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I; his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I (1863-1914) |
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| 1895–1918, Serbian political agitator, b. Bosnia. As a high-school student and a member of the Serbian nationalist secret society Union or Death (known as the Black Hand), he assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife at Sarajevo in 1914. His act precipitated World War I. Princip died of tuberculosis in an Austrian prison. He remains a Serbian hero |
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| Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution |
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| Russian politician. He served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Leninwas elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets following the October Revolution |
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| Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed, first head of the USSR (1870-1924) |
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Definition
| Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico (1879-1940) |
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| 7. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) |
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Definition
| Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938) |
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| Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953), rule marked by: forced collectivization of agriculture; policy of industrialization; victorious and devastating role for the soviets during WWII |
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| a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 |
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| Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction |
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| a member of the Italian fascist party before World War II |
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| 12. Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
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Definition
| 32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the Great Depression and led country during World War II (1882-1945) |
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| Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy |
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| The German republic founded at Weimar in 1919. The Weimar Republic was overthrown in 1933 and replaced by the Third Reich |
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| 15. National Socialist Party (Nazis) |
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Definition
| led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles; took power in Germany in 1933 |
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| German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945) |
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| the general name for areas along the river Rhine |
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| British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940) |
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| Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975) |
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| British statesman and leader during World War II, led Britain to victory against the Axis powers. Churchill was always noted for his speeches, which became a great inspiration to the British people and to the embattled Allied forces |
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| American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into World War II |
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| American president from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War II; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war |
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| 23. Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
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Definition
| wo Japanese cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in 1945; devastation of these cities caused Japanese surrender without invasion of home islands |
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| A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Koumintang (Guomindung) or Nationalist Party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War II |
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| Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958 |
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| Or Taiwan, the founding of the Republic of China began on 10 October 1911 as a result of the Wuchang Uprising |
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| 27. People’s Republic of China |
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Definition
| Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang |
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| One of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary Long March and persecution during the Cultural Revolution of the 1970s, and emerged as China's most influential leader in the early 1980s |
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| Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969) |
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| the first President of South Vietnam (1955–1963) |
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| Mexican revolutionary who led a revolt for agrarian reforms (1879-1919) |
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| Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) |
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| a Mexican War volunteer and French intervention hero, an accomplished general and the President of Mexico continuously from 1876 to 1911, The period of his leadership was marked by significant internal stability (known as the "pax porfiriana"), modernization, and economic growth. However, Díaz's conservative regime grew unpopular due to repression and political continuity, and he fell from power during the Mexican Revolution |
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| President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, became known for his progressive program of building roads and schools, promoting education, land reform and social security |
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| an Argentine general and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina, began Peronist party in Argentina, efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor |
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| a Chilean army general who was brought to power as president by a coup d' etat, he reinstalled a democratic system in 1990 |
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| Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) |
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| 38. Ernesto “Che” Guevara |
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Definition
| Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967 |
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Definition
| the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963, Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early stages of the Vietnam War |
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| 40. Nicaraguan Revolution |
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Definition
| encompasses the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the campaign led by the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) which led to the violent ouster of that dictatorship in 1979, and the subsequent efforts of the FSLN, which governed from 1979 until 1990, to reform the society and economy of the country along somewhat socialistic lines |
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| a Polish politician and trade-union and human-rightsactivist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland 1990−95 |
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| Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931), ended the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union |
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| an autonomous republic in southwestern Russia in the northern Caucasus Mountains bordering on Georgia; declared independence from the USSR in 1991 but Russian troops invaded and continue to prosecute a relentless military campaign in the largely Muslim republic |
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| Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920 |
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| Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; was the first prime minister of the Republic of India from 1947 to 1964 (1889-1964) |
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| Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948) |
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| an area in southwestern Asia whose sovereignty is disputed between Pakistan and India |
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| the secondPresident of Egypt from 1954 until his death. He led the bloodless coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and heralded a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt |
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| a member of a Bantu people living in Rwanda and Burundi |
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| a member of a Bantu speaking people living in Rwanda and Burundi |
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| South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918) |
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| Indian statesman, 2nd president of Indonesia 1967-1998 - controlled Indonesia with force/political maneuvering |
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| the first Prime Minister of Israel. Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, which began early in life, culminated in his instrumental role in the founding of the state of Israel, lead Israel to victory in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War |
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| an Israeli general and politician, who served as Israel’s 11th Prime Minister |
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| Leader of terrorist organization wanting to evict Israelis, regain homeland, represenation for Palestinian people |
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| the Shah of the Imperial State of Iran[3] from December 15, 1925 until he was forced toabdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in September 16, 1941, In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi Dynasty, which consisted of himself and ended with his son. He established an authoritarian government that valued nationalism, militarism, secularism and anti-communism combined with strict censorship and state propaganda |
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| Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989) |
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| the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the main political leader of the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, nuclear |
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| the President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.[4][5] A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power. |
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| a member of the prominent Saudi bin Laden family and the founding leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda, best known for the September 11 attacks on the United States and numerous othermass-casualty attacks against civilian targets. |
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| Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I |
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| Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I |
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| It is the German plan to invade France via Belgium and the Netherlands. Initially the Germans asked for right of passage through Belgium and the Netherlands, however said countries denied them passage so the Germans attacked Belgium and Netherlands. The Belgians were relying on their intricate networks of impenetrable forsts as defense, howver the Germans developed the big bertha that was able to destroy a fort in one shell. This plan allowed for the Germans to avoid invading the heavily fortified German French Border.1` |
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| World War I, a form of warfare in which both combatants occupied fighting lines, consisting largely of trenches, in which troops were largely immune to the enemy's small arms fire and were substantially sheltered from artillery |
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| 5. unrestricted submarine warfare |
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Definition
| a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules. While providing the submarine with strongly increased lethality and greater chances of survival against its hunters, it is also considered by many as a substantial breach of the rules of war, especially when employed against neutral country vessels in a war zone, used by Germany in WW1 |
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| United States foreign policy after World War I, in which U.S. refused to join the League of Nations or engage in diplomatic alliances; lasted until U.S. entry into World War II |
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| a codedtelegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on January 16, 1917, to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt. The Telegram instructed Ambassador Eckardt that if the United States appeared likely to enter the war he was to approach the Mexican government with a proposal for military alliance. He was to offer Mexico material aid in the reclamation of territory lost during the Mexican-American War |
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| Ended World War I (1919); provided for the League of Nations; also punished Germany with loss of territories and the payment of reparations as a result of their "war guilt"; Russia also lost territories with the reestablishment of Eastern European nations such as Poland |
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| 9. Article 231/War Guilt Clause |
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| During Treaty of Versailles. Said Germany must accept full blame |
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Definition
| Created by Woodrow Wilson during the Paris Peace Conference. (1. end to secret treaties, 2. freedom of the seas, 3. arms reduction, 4. decolonization, 5. self-determination, 6.League of Nations-for disputes) |
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| International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member |
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Definition
| A League of Nations mandate refers to a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I. |
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| The 1918 flu pandemic (the Spanish Flu) was an influenza pandemic that spread widely across the world, Most victims were healthy young adults, Between 50 to 100 million died, making it the deadliest natural disaster in human history |
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| an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919 protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles. These demonstrations sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism |
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| the Soviet government’s revolutionary militia beginning in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the USSR. Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background |
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Definition
| a series of directives issued by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his return to Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), Russia from his exile. He called for soviets (workers' councils) to take power (as seen in the slogan "all power to the soviets"), denounced liberals and social democrats in the Provisional Government, and called for new communist policies |
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Term
| 18. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |
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Definition
| a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between theSoviet Russian and the Central Powers, marking Russia's exit from World War I |
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| 19. New Economic Policy (NEP) |
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Definition
| an economic policyproposed by Vladimir Lenin to prevent the Russian economy from collapsing, allowing some private ventures. In essence, the decree required the farmers to give the government a specified amount of raw agricultural product as a tax in kind |
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Definition
| a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. The plans were developed by a state planning committee based on the Theory of Productive Forces that was part of the general guidelines of the Communist Party for economic development |
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Definition
| a political system where the state, usually under the control of a single political organization, faction, or class domination, recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible |
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Definition
| Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes |
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Definition
| a concept of government where the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens |
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Definition
| the general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently the parliament of the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945, before Hitler came to power |
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| Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II |
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| Created by Otto von Bismarck in the 1880’s with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
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| the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies |
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| German for “leader”, the title taken by Hitler to assert his total control over Germany |
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| 30. Nuremberg Laws of 1935 |
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Definition
| antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany which were introduced at the annual Nazi Partyrally in Nuremberg, deprived Jews of citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and other Germans |
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| 31. Munich Conference of 1938 |
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Definition
| an agreement permitting Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland were areas along Czech borders, mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held inMunich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia |
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| The policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace |
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Definition
| Agreement of Stalin/Hitler to not fight each other, but invade, divide up Poland |
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Definition
| the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Unionduring World War II that began on 22 June 1941 |
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| 35. Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere |
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Definition
| Name given to Asian region Japan wanted to conquer, kick out Europeans, control resources |
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Definition
| concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other countries) on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (Comintern) in general, and the Soviet Union |
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Definition
| Alliance of Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940; created alliance system for World War II |
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Definition
| the air campaign waged by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940. The objective of the campaign was to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force (RAF) |
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Definition
| U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II |
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Definition
| two battles of El Alamein in World War II, both fought in 1942. The Battles occurred in Egypt. The battle halted the second (and final) advance by the Axis forces into Egypt. The Allied victory turned the tide in the North African Campaign. It ended Axis hopes of occupying Egypt, taking control of theSuez Canal, and gaining access to the Middle Eastern oil fields |
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Definition
| a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad. Often cited as one of the turning points of the war.[7] The German offensive to take Stalingrad, the battle inside the city and the Soviet counter-offensive—which eventually trapped and destroyed the German 6th Army and other Axis forces around the city—was the first substantial German land defeat of the war |
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Term
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Definition
| The Normandy landings were the landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy, also known as Operation Neptune andOperation Overlord, during World War II. The assault was conducted in two phases: an air assault landing of 24,000 American, British, Canadian and Free French airborne troops shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France. The operation was the largest amphibious invasion of all time |
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Definition
| the codename for a project conducted during World War II to develop the first atomic bomb. The project was led by the United States, and included participation from the United Kingdom and Canada. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others |
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Term
| 45. “crimes against humanity” |
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Definition
| articularly odious offences in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings |
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| 46. mass (or popular) culture |
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Definition
| Entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal |
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Definition
| 1915: Young turk leaders killed millions and sent hundreds of Amermenians to Russia and Middle East to cover up the blunders of reverses on the Russian Front |
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Definition
| Roosevelt reduces US role in Latin America, no troops |
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| 49. Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) |
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Definition
| a Mexican political party that wielded power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years |
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Definition
| Program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance |
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Definition
| Cold War, United States was prepared to send any money, equipment, or military force to countries that were threatened by the communist government. Assisting countries resisting communism |
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Term
| 52. Conference at Yalta and Potsdam |
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Definition
| the February 4–11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively—for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization |
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| Stalin shuts off trains, planes, roads into East Berlin - attempt to cut off western influence - Berlin Airlift foils plans |
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Definition
| In response to Berlin Blockade, the Western Allies organized the Berlin Airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin. By the spring of 1949, the effort was clearly succeeding, and by April the airlift was delivering more cargo than had previously flowed into the city by rail. The success of the Airlift was claimed to be humiliating to the Soviets, who had repeatedly claimed it could never work. The blockade was lifted |
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Definition
| Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was torn down at end of Cold War in 1991 |
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Definition
| The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare |
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Definition
| 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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Definition
| Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the Western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression |
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Definition
| a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect". A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to expand Communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, and Korea |
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Term
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Definition
| After WWII, Winston Churchill coined the phrase to describe the division between free and Communist societies that was occurring in Europe |
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Term
| 61. Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1968) |
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Definition
| a treaty to limit the spread (proliferation) of nuclear weapons. The treaty came into force on 5 March 1970 |
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Term
| 62. decolonization/national liberation |
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Definition
| following WWII - nations pushed to be free of European control - Europe focused on own issues, allowed decolonization at varying degrees - based on settler population |
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Term
| 63. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) |
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Definition
| the founding and the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China. control of all state apparatuses and of the legislative process. Founded by Chinese Communist leader and theorist Mao Zedong |
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Definition
| Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960 |
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Definition
| Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation |
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Definition
| a six-week period following the Japanesecapture of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the Republic of China, on December 13, 1937. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000–80,000 women were raped by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army |
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Definition
| The amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish–American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base |
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Definition
| Overthrows Cuban gov't, believed too much of Cuban nation controlled by foreign interests, adopts Communist-state-controlled/nationalized economy |
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Definition
| 1961. an unsuccessful attempt by a CIA -trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro |
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Definition
| Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba |
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Definition
| Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe |
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Definition
| Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture |
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Definition
| Policy of political liberation in Soviet Union in the late 1980s |
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Term
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Definition
| mass expulsion or killings of a certain ethnic or religious group; eg. WWII: the holocaust, massive killings of Tutsis by Hutus in the Rwandan Genocide |
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Definition
| British fire on unarmed protesters, Gandhi goes to prison, British get more restrictive |
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Term
| 76. passive resistance (satyagraha) |
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Definition
| Literally, "truth-force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British colonialism |
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Term
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Definition
| a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response toMohandas Gandhi's call for immediate independence. Gandhi hoped to bring the British government to the negotiating table.[1] Almost the entire Indian National Congress leadership, and not just at the national level, was put into confinement less than twenty-four hours after Gandhi's speech |
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Definition
| the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics that led to the creation, in August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India |
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Definition
| 1975-1979 Cambodian leaders - responsible for 1.7 million deaths starvation, relocation, murder - attempt at ruralification |
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Definition
| the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwanda's Tutsis and Hutu political moderates by the Hutu dominated government under the Hutu Power ideology |
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Definition
| Movement originating in Eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy Land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine |
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Definition
| Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine |
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Term
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Definition
| 1967, a war between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights |
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Term
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Definition
| US moderated peace talks between Egypt and Israel - broke down Arab unity, Egypt loses influence in Arab matters |
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Term
| 85. Islamic fundamentalism |
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Definition
| An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; has been increasingly associated in the late 20th century |
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Term
| 86. Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) |
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Definition
| a political and paramilitaryorganization founded in 1964.[1] It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people,". In 1993 PLO recognized Israel's right to exist in peace, |
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Definition
| Palestinian Arabs fighting against Israeli occupation of Gaza Strip/West Bank - boys w/ stones vs. tanks |
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Definition
| aPalestinian Islamic socio-political organization which includes a paramilitary force. A terrorist organization. Winning an election, Hamas has governed the Gaza portion of the Palestinian Territories |
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Term
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Definition
| a major Palestinian political party and the largest faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization(PLO), a multi-party confederation. In Palestinian politics it is on the left-wing of the spectrum; it is mainly nationalist, although not predominantly socialist. Its main goal, as stated in Article 12 of the official Fatah constitution is the "complete liberation of Palestine, and eradication of Zionist economic, political, military and cultural existence." |
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Definition
| a Shi'a Islamist political and paramilitary organisation based inLebanon.[3] Hezbollah is now also a major provider of social services. Terrorist organization. |
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Oil cartel that determines supply of oil - of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela |
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Definition
| A prohibition by a government on certain/all trade with a foreign nation - method of pressuring a nation diplomatically |
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Definition
| two dams, both located in Aswan, Egypt, that prevent the annual flooding of the Nile |
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Definition
| a Sunni Islamist political movement that governedAfghanistan from 1996 until they were overthrown in late 2001 during Operation Enduring Freedom |
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Definition
| an Islamist group founded sometime between August 1988[6] and late 1989.[7] It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless arm[8] and a fundamentalist Sunni movement calling for global jihad. Al-Qaeda has attacked civilian and military targets in various countries, most notably, the September 11 attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001 |
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Definition
| North American Free Trade Agreement, Agreement that created an essentially free trade zone among Mexico, Canada, and the United States, in hopes of encouraging economic growth in all three nations; after difficult negotiations, went into effect January 1, 1994 |
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Term
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Definition
| started as European Economic Community, an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Swede, Austria, Finland. It was to create a single economy across national boundaries in 1958. |
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Definition
| World Trade Organization, international body that sets the rules for global trade - competitive trading, but give chance for developing nations to join, must follow certain civil rights codes |
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Term
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Definition
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT was formed in 1947 and lasted until 1994, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995 |
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Definition
| Canada, France, Italy, US, Germany, UK, Japan, Russian Federation - represent 70% of world's economy - meet annually for economic/political discussions |
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