Term
| Why is a model used in science |
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Definition
| Models are used to help us visualize and understand interactions between objects that are too small or too large to see normally. |
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Term
| Whats the purpose of lab 8.2- a black box? |
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Definition
| b 8.2 (which we did not perform) encouraged students to imagine the arrangement of objects inside a closed box only by experimenting with their effect on each other when moved. (Visualizing through experimentation) |
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Term
| Whats the purpose of "Rings and Fasteners" ? |
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Definition
| ubber rings and metal paper fasteners were used to represent individual atoms. We then experimented with the outcome of attaching ‘atoms’ to one another in set ratios (FsR or FsR2) to make ‘compounds’, and examined the relationship between the mass of our ‘atoms’ and that of our ‘compound’. (We also identified a complete reaction as one that used up either all of the Fs or all of the R atoms.) |
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Term
| define synthesis and decomposition |
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Definition
synthesis-start with multiple atoms&molecules that combine together to form a single, more complex compound.
Decomposition-reactions start with a single, complex compound that is broken down into smaller, simpler components. |
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Term
| Define constant proportions. |
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Definition
| constant value of the ratio of two proportional quantities |
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Term
| How did Lavoister distinguish b/w 2 elements? |
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Definition
| istinguished between compounds and elements by determining whether the substance could be broken down (decomposed) into other substances through chemical reactions. |
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Term
| explain all the subatomic particles |
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Definition
Protons-positive-middle
Neutrons-none-middl
electrons-outside-negative |
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Term
| Define Valence electrons. Determine number of them in an atom |
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Definition
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Term
| State the organizing principles of the Modern Periodic Table of Elements |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the location of metal, non metals, metalloids/semiconductors on the periodic table. |
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Definition
-metals, located in the lower left side of the table.
-Metalloids are located along the ‘stairs’ (zig zag line) between the metals and metalloids.
-Nonmetals are located on the upper right side of the table. |
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Term
| Know the major families in the periodic table |
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Definition
-Alkali Metals – they are very reactive because they have only 1 valence electron.
-Halogens – they are also very reactive because they have 7 valence electrons.
-Noble Gases because they do not react with other elements. |
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Term
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Definition
The distance that light travels in one year; about 9.46
trillion kilometers |
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Term
| How did the process of the astronomical unit develop? |
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Definition
• Distances in the solar system are often measured in terms of the distance from Earth to the sun (one AU or 150 million km)
• Typically used to measure the distance of planets from the sun |
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Term
| List the arrangement and the relationship between the sun, Earth, moon and planets. |
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Definition
• Order of the planets from the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (inner planets), Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (outer planets); the planets orbit the sun
• The moon (a satellite) orbits the Earth |
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Term
| Identify the factors that allow the Earth to be the only planet that supports life |
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Definition
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Term
| State the Law of Universal Gravitation and know the relationship between the masses of the objects, the distance between them, and the resultant gravitational force |
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Definition
• F = G (m1m2/d2)
• All matter is affected by gravity
• Gravitational force increases as mass increases
• Gravitational force decreases as distance increases |
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Term
| List the following astronomical bodies from largest to smallest: (a) star, (b) planet, (c) universe, (d) solar system, (e) galaxy |
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Definition
| Universe, galaxy, solar system, star, planet |
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Term
| Show the difference b/w universe, Galaxy, and solar system |
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Definition
Universe: space and all the matter and energy in it
Galaxy: a large collection of stars, gas, and dust that is held together by gravity
Solar system: the collection of large and small bodies that orbit our central star, the sun |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of a star. |
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Definition
-he color of a star tells about the composition (what
elements) and temperature
• Give off heat, light, and EM waves (no sound in space)
• Driven by nuclear fusion reactions (hydrogen and helium gas)
• Held together by gravity |
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Term
| List the factors that contribute to the brightness of a star |
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Definition
• Apparent magnitude: how bright a star appears to be from Earth
• Absolute magnitude: how bright a star actually is
• Brightness is based on size and distance |
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Term
| Identify what a constellation is and what determines when it is visible to us |
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Definition
• A group of stars which create a picture in the sky
• Constellations do not move; we see them in different locations due to Earth’s revolution around the sun |
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Term
| Determine what elements are contained in a substance by analyzing results from a flame test or spectral analysis (IPS 8.7). |
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Definition
•Same color = same element
•First element of the compound produces the color (ex. Strontium chloride = red due to strontium) |
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Term
| What is the result of combing all colors of the visible spectrum? |
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Definition
• The color you see is the color being reflected
• If you combine all the colors of the spectrum, you get white light |
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Term
| What is the function of the spectroscope? |
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Definition
| • Produces a spectrum of light for a particular element or compound |
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Term
| How are the compositions of the inner planets and outer planets different? |
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Definition
• Inner: small, dense, rocky planets that orbit closest to the sun; terrestrial planets; consist of outer crust, central core, and a mantle
• Outer: gas giants; orbit farther from the sun; massive gas atmospheres, made up of mainly hydrogen and helium; no true surface for which to stand on |
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Term
| Compare and contrast geocentric and heliocentric |
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Definition
• Geocentric: Earth-centered model of the solar system (Ptolemy)
• Heliocentric: Sun-centered model of the solar system (Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo) |
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Term
| Differentiate between fission, fusion, and their applications. |
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Definition
• Fission: nucleus SPLITS into two or more smaller fragments; used in nuclear reactors
• Fusion: nuclei COMBINE (sun’s energy) |
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Term
| Differentiate between a rotation and a revolution, and apply to the Earth and moon. |
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Definition
• Rotation: spinning on an axis
• Revolution: Circling around a larger body |
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Term
| Compare and contrast a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse. |
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Definition
• Solar: Earth, Moon, Sun (New Moon phase)
• Lunar: Moon, Earth, Sun (Full Moon phase) |
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Term
| Explain how the phases of the moon occur and recognize these in the correct order. |
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Definition
The sun illuminates the moon; as the moon revolves around the Earth, we can only see certain parts
• New moon, waxing crescent, 1st quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, 3rd quarter, waning crescent |
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Term
| Describe what effects the moon has on the Earth. |
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Definition
| The moon’s gravitational force produces the water tides on Earth |
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Term
| How does the increase in thermal energy of the cylinder relate to the mass of a falling object |
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Definition
| As the weight fell, friction caused the cylinder to change temperature. This confirmed that gPE was converted into Thermal Energy (Heat). |
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Term
| How do you determine the net mass in lab 13.1? How is it different from mass? |
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Definition
| The net mass of the falling object could be found by taking the mass of the weight and subtracting the mass of the counterweight. |
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Term
| Why must the distance the object falls be kept constant when testing the effect of mass on thermal energy of a falling object |
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Definition
| Changing the distance of the fall would introduce a second variable. |
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Term
| How is increase in thermal energy of a cylinder related to the verticle falling distance |
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Definition
| Length of falling distance is proportional to ThE produced. |
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Term
| State the law of universal Gravitation and know the relationship b/w masses of objects and the distance b/w them |
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Definition
| -The Law of Universal Gravitation relates to the pull of gravity between two objects. (generally very large objects) |
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Term
| What is the formula for GPE? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| differentiate b/w kinetic & potential energy |
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Definition
kinetic energy=energy of motion
potential energy=energy of position |
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Term
| What factors influence kinetic energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats the formula for kinetic energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can 2 people be moving at different speeds and have same kinetic energy? explain. |
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Definition
| Two objects (people or otherwise) can have equal KE even if their speeds are different, if their masses are also different: |
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Term
| When energy is transformed from one form to another what happens to the amount of energy? |
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Definition
| In an ideal environment ( zero friction), all energy is conserved when it is transformed from one form to another. |
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Term
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Definition
◦ A push or pull on an object
◦ Measured in Newtons (N) |
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Term
| What changes with elevation – mass or weight? |
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Definition
| ◦ Weight changes, mass does not |
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Term
| Differentiate between mass and weight. What tool is used to measure each? |
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Definition
◦ Mass is the amount of matter in an object; measured in kilograms; measured with a balance
◦ Weight is the pull of the earth (gravity) on an object; measured in Newtons; measured by a spring scale |
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Term
| What is the relationship between mass and weight? How is weight calculated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is elastic force different than gravitational force? |
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Definition
◦ Elastic force is the force exerted by the spring
◦ Gravitational force is the pull of the earth (gravity) on the object |
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Term
| What is the relationship between magnetic force and distance? |
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Definition
| Inverse relationship; as one goes up the other goes down |
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Term
| What factors affect the frictional force between objects? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does weight and surface area affect the frictional forces? |
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Definition
| ◦ Weight is proportional to force of friction ◦ Surface area has no effect! |
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Term
Suppose that you kick a soccer ball. Which experiences a greater force 13 the ball or your foot?
Explain. |
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Definition
| Your foot because the effect of the force you apply to the ball is greater than the force the ball applies back to your foot. The ball is originally at rest. |
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Term
| Explain Newton 19s Third Law of Motion and give several examples. |
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Definition
-All forces acting between two objects along the line that connects them are equal in strength and opposite in direction.
-The spaceshuttle thrusters push the exhaust gases downward as the gases push the shuttle forward with equal force. |
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Term
| Differentiate between balanced and unbalanced forces. |
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Definition
%E6 Balanced forces: equal in size and opposite in direction; do not cause a change of motion; net force equals 0 N
%E6 Unbalanced forces: not equal and opposite; net force does not equal 0 N; always cause a change in motion |
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Term
| Define a vector and give examples. |
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Definition
%E6 Vectors are represented by an arrow.
%E6 Show the size (magnitude) and direction of a force |
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Term
| what is the connection between the length/direction of a vector and the force? |
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Definition
%E6 Length represents the strength of the force
%E6 Direction indicates the direction of the force |
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Term
| What is net force and how is it calculated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we call two forces that add to form a single force? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the motion of an object look like after the forces acting on it end (Lab 15.6)? |
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Definition
| When the push ends, the net force is zero, but the motion of the puck will continue to move in a straight line with a constant speed |
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Term
| What are the two conclusions that make up Newton 19s First Law of Motion? |
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Definition
%E6 When the net force on an object at rest is zero, the object will remain at rest
%E6 When net force on a moving object is zero, the object will continue to move in a straight line at a constant speed |
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Term
| What would constitute a violation of Newton 19s First Law of Motion? |
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Definition
| %E6 Friction; opposes the force of motion and slows objects down |
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Term
| Explain Newton 19s Second Law of Motion in your own words and provide several examples of the Law. |
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Definition
%E6 An object will accelerate in the direction of the force which is applied. The greater the mass, the more force is needed to accelerate the object.
%E6 Example: an empty shopping cart vs. a full shopping cart; the more mass, the more force is needed to accelerate the shopping cart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what do plateaus indicate? |
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Definition
boiling point, a characteristic property
that can be used to identify an unknown substance. |
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Term
| explain seperation by flotation |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term "filtrate" refer to? |
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Definition
| The solution of water and dissolved substance |
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Term
| what must be order to separate a mixture of solids using the filtration method |
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Definition
| the two solids must vary in solubility. |
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Term
| what must be order to separate a mixture of solids using the filtration method |
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Definition
| the two solids must vary in solubility. |
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Term
| what must be order to separate a mixture of solids using the filtration method |
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Definition
| the two solids must vary in solubility. |
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Term
| explain the process of fractional crystallization |
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Definition
| two solids which both dissolve in water are separated in a process which involves heating the water to dissolve one solid completely. Undissolved solid is then filtered out. Then the solution is cooled to filter out the previously dissolved solid. |
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Term
| what technique can be used when seperating a mixture that contains only a minute amount of a substance |
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Definition
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Term
| how To remove CO2 that is dissolved in water? |
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Definition
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Term
| compare pure and substances and mixtures |
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Definition
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