Term
| Strep = chains, Staph = clusters |
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Definition
| Streptococci grow in (clusters/chains). Staphylococci grow in (clusters/chains). |
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Term
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Definition
| Strep is part of the normal flora, escpecially in the ___ ___ and ___ ___. |
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Term
| Strep = peroxidase, Staph = catalase |
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Definition
| ___ contains peroxidase while ___ contains catalase. |
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Term
| Strep pyogenes, Staph aureus |
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Definition
| Strep's major pathogen is streptococcus _____. Staph's major pathogen is staphylococcus _____. |
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Term
| On skin and in the nasopharynx |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Facultatives utilizes only ____. |
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Term
| Aerotolerant anaerobes never undergo respiration and use only fermentation. |
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Definition
| Aerotolerant anaerobes never undergo ____ and use only ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is the enzyme responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide and is found in staphylococci. |
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Term
| True! It has the enzyme peroxidase! |
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Definition
| T/F: Streptococci is catalase negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___-hemolysis causes greening of blood agar with an incomplete hemolysis. Viridans streptococci causes this. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___-hemolysis is complete hemolysis causing clear spots on blood agar. S. pyogenes is a Group A Strep according to the Lancefield classification and causes this hemolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Lancefield classification is based on cell wall ____. |
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Term
| S. pyogenes is group A (rhamnose-N-acetylglucosamine polysaccharide), E. faecalis is group D (glycerol teichoicic acid) |
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Definition
| S. pyogenese is a Group ___ streptococci. Enterococcus faecalis is a Group ___ streptococci. |
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Term
| False! They are in the "other" category of serogroups. |
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Definition
| T/F: S. pneumoniae and viridans streptococci are in serogroups classified by Lancefield. |
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Term
| strep pharyngitis = scarlet fever, nonsuppurative complications |
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Definition
| Strep ____ causes scarlet fever and nonsuppurative complications (ARF and AGN). |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ is the major cause of failed RCT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strep pharyngitis, strep pyoderma and strep pyogenes are all group ___ strep. |
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Term
| capsule (hyaluronic acid, nonimmunogenic and antiphagocytic) and pyogenic exotoxins (Spe) |
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Definition
| Group A strep has a ___ as a virulence factor and also ___ exotoxins. |
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Term
| streptokinases lyse blood clots (fibrinolysins) |
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Definition
| ____ is an enzyme which lyses blood clots and is a virulence factor for group A strep. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is the spreading factor which destroys connective tissue in group A strep. |
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Term
| Strep pharyngitis age 5-15yrs |
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Definition
| Strep ____ is the most common bacterial infection of childhood. It primarily occurs among children ages ___-___yrs. |
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Term
| Direct contact of saliva/nasal secretions |
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Definition
| How is Strep pharyngitis spread? |
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Term
| False! It is NOTE part of the normal flora! |
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Definition
| T/F: Strep pharyngitis is part of the normal flora. |
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Term
| IP = 2-4 days, fever = 3-5 days |
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Definition
| The incubation period of strep pharyngitis is __-__ days. The fever goes away in __-__ days. |
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Term
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Definition
| strep pharyngitis is treated with ___ antibiotic. |
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Term
| False! More common to be viral than bacterial and numerous bacteria cause pharyngitis |
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Definition
| T/F: Acute pharyngitis is more commonly caused by bacteria than viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ are not reliable except if accompanied by scarlatinal rash or during documented epidemic. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: Throat culture is the preferred method to detect pharyngitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid antigen-detection kits detect Group ___ carb antigen and negative results are confirmed with a throat culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Circumoral pallor, diffuse rash appearing first on upper chest and blanches with pressure, exudative pharygnitis and tonsilitis, red spots on palate, strawberry tongue are all characteristics of ____ ___. |
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Term
| streptococcal pyoderma, between 2-5 yrs of age |
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Definition
| Streptococcal impetigo is a type of ____ ____. It occurs most in children between ___-___ yrs of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: skin strains of strep pyogenes differ from throat strains. |
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Term
| streptococcal pyoderma / impetigo |
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Definition
| Papule --> vescicle --> pustule --> crust in 4-6 days is a characteristic of ___ ___. |
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Term
| False! Streptococcal pyoderma usually occurred as a result of combined infections so oral agents such as cloxacillin, cephalexin, cefadroxil and cefaclor are effective. |
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Definition
| T/F: Penicillin is recommended for streptococcal pyoderma infections. |
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Term
| invasive streptococcal infections |
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Definition
| Erysipelas, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis are all ___ ____ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Necrotizing fasciitis is caused by ___ ___ and usually begins at the site of minor trauma. |
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Term
| high-dose penicillin and clindamycin (suppresses exotoxin and M-protein production) |
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Definition
| Necrotizing fasciitis is treated with ___ and ___. |
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Term
| acute rheumatic fever (ARF) |
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Definition
| ___ ___ ___ is characterized by nonsuppurative inflammatory lesions involving connective tissue. It damages heart valves and may lead to cardiac failure and usually follows URT GAS infections. |
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Term
| poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) |
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Definition
| ____ ___ ___ is an acute inflammatory disorder of renal glomerulus/edema and hypertension. It may be subclinical leading to chronic disease with renal failure and may follow pharyngeal or cutaneous infection with certain nephitogenic GAS strains. |
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Term
| It is likely to cause glomerulonephritis/renal failure. |
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Definition
| What does nephritogenic mean? |
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Term
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Definition
| Penicillin treatment is effective in preventing ARF up to ___ days after onset. |
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Term
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Definition
| Streptococcus agalactiae is a group ___ streptococcus and causes septicemia, pneumonia and meningitis in neonates. May also cause peurperal sepsis, skin and soft-tissue infections and sepsis in women following childbirth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Penicillin (should/should not) be administered if mother is GBS carrier, <37 weeks, membrane rupture > 18hrs labor, 100.4 degree temp, or previous delivery of GBS diseased infant. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is alpha hemolytic, do not possess group CHOs, found in oropharynx, GI tract and GU tract, susceptible to penicillin and most frequently associated with dental caries, bacterial endocarditis and suppurative intraabdominal infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Salivarius, anginosus, mitis and mutans are all part of ____ streptococci. |
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Term
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Definition
| S. mitis, s. oralis, s. parasanguis, s. gordonil, s. sanguis, s. crista and s. pneumoniae are all part of the ___ group of viridans strep. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ___ group of viridans strep are most responsible for endocarditis and most prevalent in early plaque of the oral cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| S. mutans, s. sobrinus, s. cricetus and s. rattus are all part of the ___ group of viridans strep. |
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Term
| mutans = dental plaque/caries, sobrinus = tooth surface/caries, cricetus = rodents/humans, rattus = rats/humans |
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Definition
| strep ___ is in dental plaque and carious teeth. strep ___ is on the tooth surface and carious teeth. strep ___ is found in the oral cavity of rodents and occasionally humans. strep ___ is found in the oral cavity of rats and occasionally humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| strep ____ is a part of the normal flora of the nasopharynx, an important opportunistic pathogen in pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis and otitis media and appears diplococcus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Otitis media is a ___ ___ ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is catalase positive, pyogenic, and contains coagulase negative and positive strains. |
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Term
| S. aureus = coagulase (+); s. epidermidis, s. saprophyticus and s. capitis = coagulase (-)/less virulent |
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Definition
| staph ____ is coagulase positive. staph ____, ____ and ____ are coagulase negative and therefore less virulent. |
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Term
| capsule, exotoxins and enzymes |
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Definition
| S. aureus has a ____, ____ and ___ as virulence factors. |
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Term
| exfoliative toxins = serine proteases that split desmosomes (exfoliatin). enterotoxins = superantigens stable to heating, resistant to digestive enzymes and cause vomitting/diarrhea. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST1) super antigen that can penetrate mucosal barriers. |
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Definition
| ___ ___ are serine proteases that split desmosomes. ___ are superantigens that are stable to heating, resistant to digestive enzymes and cause vomitting/diarrhea. ___ ___ ___ ___ is a super antigen that can penetrate mucosal barriers. All the these are examples of exotoxins of S. aureus. |
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Term
| coagulase = fibrinogen --> fibrin, catalse = catalyzes removal of H2O2, hyaluronidase = spreading factor, fibrinolysin = dissolves fibrin clots, penicillinase-beta-lactamases = present on plasmids |
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Definition
| ___ converts fibrinogen to fibrin. ___ catalyzes removal of hydrogen peroxide. ___ is a spreading factor. ____ dissolves fibrin clots. ___ are present on plasmids. These things along with lipases and nucleases are enzymatic virulence factors of S. aureus. |
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Term
| c. Easily diagnosed based on clinical presentation (signs and symptoms). |
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Definition
All of the following statements apply to streptococcal pharyngitis EXCEPT:
a. One of the most common bacterial infections seen in school-aged children.
b. Disease is self-limited.
c. Easily diagnosed based on clinical presentation (signs and symptoms).
d. If untreated, may lead to nonsuppurative sequel.
e. Treatment of choice is penicillin. |
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Term
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Definition
The virulence factor responsible for the rash of scarlet fever and probably at least partially for the pathogenesis of invasive Group A strep infections is:
a. F protein
b. Hemolysins
c. M-like proteins
d. Pyrogenic exotoxins
e. Streptokinase |
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Term
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Definition
Strawberry tongue is characteristic of
a. Bullous impetigo
b. Necrotizing fasciitis
c. Rheumatic fever
d. Scarlet fever
e. Toxic shock syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Impetigo or pyoderma is caused by:
a. Staphylococcus aureus
b. Streptococcus pyogenes
c. Both A and B
d. Netther A nor B |
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Term
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Definition
Staphylococci which constitute the normal skin flora are mostly:
a. Coagulase-postive
b. Coagulase-negative |
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Term
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Definition
The sloughing of skin as seen in scaled skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome is due to the toxin referred to as:
a. Enterotoxin
b. Exfoliatin
c. Hemolysin
d. Pyrogenic exotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
Streptococci are catalase negative, and staphylococci are catalase positive.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.
d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true. |
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Term
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Definition
Oral streptococci typically cause which type of hemolysis on blood agar?
a. Alpha
b. Beta
c. Delta
d. Gamma
e. Epsilon |
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Term
| C. cell wall carbohydrate |
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Definition
The Lancefield classification of streptococci is based on an antigen which is a:
a. Cell membrane
b. Cell membrane protein
c. Cell wall carbohydrate
d. Cell wall protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Pregnant women should be screened for anogenital infection with group ___ strep at 35-37 weeks gestation to determine the need for intrapartum antibiotics to prevent neonatal disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: Strep phayngitis is easily diagnosed based on clinical presentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: Strep pharyngitis is one of the most common bacterial infections seen in school aged children and is self-limited. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: If untreated, strep pharyngitis may lead to nonsuppurative sequelae and the treatment of choice is penicillin. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: A patient who has a history of rheumatic fever should be routinely premedicated with antibiotics prior to any dental treatment to prevent the development of bacterial endocarditis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The virulence factor responsible for the rash of scarlet fever and probably at least partially for the pathogenesis of invasive group A strep infection is ____ ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: Strep are catalase negative and staph are catalase positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oral strep typically causes which type of hemolysis on blood agar? |
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Term
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Definition
| Staph which constitute the normal skin flora are mostly coagulase (negative/positive). |
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Term
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Definition
| The lancefield classification of strep is based on an antigen which is a cell wall ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rheumatic fever is most often seen in children and adolescents following ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strawberry tongue is a characteristic of ___ ___. |
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