Term
| staphylococcal food poisoning |
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Definition
| ___ food poisoning is an intoxication, not an infection. An enterotoxin is produced in unrefrigerated/undercooked food. Antibiotics are unnecessary since there is no infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ grows in contaminated canned foods, especially home-canned foods. It is a highly potent toxin commonly found in honey. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a comma shaped g(-) rod that grows best at the body temperature of birds. It cannot tolerate drying and is killed by oxygen. Freezing reduces numbers of this bacteria on raw meat. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a periodontal species and secondary colonizer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most human disease is caused by campylobacter ___. Campylobacter ___ produces protoheme which enhances the growth of P. gingivalis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ ____ is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the US. It most affects children <5 and 15-29yr old adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ usually occurs as single, sporadic cases associated with raw poultry. Unpasteurized milk or contaminated water is more often associated with outbreaks. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is a small, curved g(-) rod. It lives within the mucus layer of the gastric mucosa (occasionally duodenal/esophageal mucosa). It is NOT part of the normal flora. |
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Term
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Definition
| >90% of people infected with H. pylori will develop ___ ___. Aspirin, NSAIDs and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome cause this, too. |
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Term
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Definition
| 50-80% of patients infected with H. pylori experience ____ ulcerations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breath tests, serological tests for specific IgG antibodies, upper esophagogastroduodenalendoscopy and biopsy are all used to diagnose ___ ___ infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acid suppressing agent and an antibiotic for 10-14 days is the FDA-approved treatment of ____ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a g(-) rod found in GI tracts of virtually all animals. This type of recurrent bacteremia is an AIDS defining illness. Enteritis, bacteremia, septicemia and enteric fever are all clinical syndromes. |
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Term
| salmonella gastroenteritis |
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Definition
| Salmonella ____ occurs with the ingestion of contaminated food, contact with feces from infected animals, and has nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ can occur in peanut butter, baby chicks, turtles, shell eggs, and pastries. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is the largest, most heterogenous group of the medically important g(-) bacilli. Found in soil, water, vegetation and normal GI flora of most animals. It is responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is oxidase (-) and catalase (+) which ferments glucose and lactose and reduces nitrite. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is part of the normal flora of the GI tract, providing us with a major source of vitamin K and a secondary source of B vitamins. It is opportunistic and produces disease when resistance is lowered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Septicemia, uriniary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and gastroenteritis are all clinical syndromes of ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ UTI is the most common hospital acquired infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ gastroenteritis is caused by ingestion of contaminated food/water and occurs in all age groups. The mortality is highest in infants. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ adhere to cells lining the GI tract and urinary tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ are plasmid mediated toxins that E. coli possesses. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___-like toxins areexotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis for E. coli. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ E. coli causes traveler's diarrhea. It acts on the small intestine with plasmid-mediated enterotoxins. |
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Term
| traveler's diarrhea (caused by enterotoxigenic e. coli) |
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Definition
| Prophylactic use of bismuth salicylate tablets and avoiding fruit/water/ice/meat/veggies in Mexico reduce the risk of ___ ___. |
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Term
| Enterohemorrhagic e. coli |
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Definition
| ____ e. coli (O157:H7) infection often leads to bloody diarrhea and occasionally kidney failure. |
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Term
| Enterohemorrhagic e. coli |
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Definition
| Most ____ e. coli infections are associated with eating undercooked contaminated ground beef, water, apple cider, alfalfa sprouts, and cheese from raw milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: EHEC has toxins such as SLT-I and SLT-II which get to kidney and destroy endothelial cells. |
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Term
| hemolytic uremic syndrome |
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Definition
| A complication of EHEC includes ____ ___ syndrome which is mot often seen in children <5yrs and the elderly. |
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Term
| E. coli --> septicemia; raw meat --> enterohemorrhagic gastroenteritis |
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Definition
| Patients with E. coli infection may get ___. Consumers of undercooked hamburgers or unpasteurized milk/fruit juice may get ___ ____. |
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Term
| Sexually active/prego women --> UTIs; neontates --> meningitis; --> travelers --> enterotoxigenic gastroenteritis |
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Definition
| Pregnant or sexually active women, men with prostatic hypertrophy or patients with urinary catheters may get ___ from E. coli. Neonates are susceptible to ____. Travelers in countries with substandard hygiene could get ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ do not grow outside host cells, have no protein synthesis, do not generate energy, may have an envelope, can be RNA/DNA or both. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a protein coat of viruses. ___ are glycoprotein spikes. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are proteins that make up capsid. |
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Term
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Definition
| __ is an individual virus. They can have double or single stranded DNA/RNA. |
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Term
| endocytosis, cell membrane fusion |
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Definition
| Enveloped and non-enveloped viruses can enter a cell by ____. ___ ___ ___ is utilized only by enveloped viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the derivation of the virus' envelope. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Large/Small) DNA viruses encode DNA polymerase and proteins to control transcription and replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcription of DNA occurs in nucleus with all viruses except ____ which occurs in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| negative = template, positive = mRNA |
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Definition
| (+/-) strand RNA = template for mRNA, (+/-) strand RNA = mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Retroviridae (HIV) is a (RNA/DNA) virus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis B) is a (RNA/DNA) virus. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is found on virus envelopes to prevent clumping. |
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Term
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Definition
| All virus envelopes are derived from the host membrane except ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ viruses are environmentally labile and can be disrupted by acid, detergent, drying and heat. They are susceptible to most disinfectants an must stay moist. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ or naked viruses are environmentally stable and spread easily. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ infection is when a virus attaches and enters but does not replicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ infection is the most common type of cytopathogenesis. |
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Term
| localized do not, systemic do |
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Definition
| ___ viral infections do not have viremia but ___ infections do. |
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Term
| chronic productive infections, latent infections |
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Definition
| ___ ___ infections are when the infectious virus is present and can be recovered by conventional methods. ___ infections are when the viral genome is present but infectious virus particles are not produced except during intermittent episodes of reactivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV, EBV and CMV are all ___ ___ viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
| __ affects the CD4 cells, ___ affects B lymphocytes, ___ affects lymphocytes/monocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| HSV, VZV, JC and measles are all ___ ___ viruses. |
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Term
| HSV/VZV, JC virus/Measles |
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Definition
| ___ and ___ affect sensory neurons, ___ and ___ affect the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| HBV and HCV are ___ ___ viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| skin/integumentary system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ only recognize viral antigens in association with MHC antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are cytokines produced by host cells and are host specific. It is the host's first active defense against viral infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ block viral replication, activates immune system response and enhances T-cell recognition of the infected cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interferon-__ are produced by b cells, monocytes, macrophages and are >20 genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interferon-__ are produced by fibroblasts and are 1 gene. |
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Term
| False! Both alpha and beta are induced by viruses. |
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Definition
| T/F: Only interferon alpha is induced by viruses within hours of infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interferon-__ are produced by activated T and NK cells. They are produced later in infection that other interferons and are also known as macrophage activation factor. They are 1 gene and are structurally different from other interferons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interferon-__ are also known as Macrophage Activation Factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Malaise, myalgia, chills and fever are all clinical symptoms resulting from ___ production. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ __ are changes in cell morphology, syncytia formation, inclusion bodies and cell lysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are glycoproteins which are infectious and cause spongiform encephalopathies. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are protease-resistant with no detectable nucleic acid. They appear to be aberrant forms of a normal cell surface glycoprotein which is protease-sensitive. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are highly resistant and require prolonged sterilization cycles to inactivate. |
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Term
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Definition
| MMR, VZV, vaccinia, influenza (nasal), and rotavirus are all (live/killed) vaccines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influenza (injection), HepA, Hep B, Polio, Rabies and HPV are all (live/killed) vaccines. |
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Term
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Definition
| The causative agent of the majority of gastric ulcers is: a) overproduction of stomach acid b) stress c) excess urea d) campylobacter jejuni e) helicobacter pylori |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the US is: a) c. jejuni b) e. coli c) salmonella enterica d) shigella e) staph aureus |
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Term
| b) enterohemorrhagic e. coli |
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Definition
| Eating undercooked hamburger is most likely to expose you to : a) c. jejuni b) enterhemorrhagic e. coli c) enterotoxigenic e. coli d) legionella pneumophilia e) salmonella enteritidis |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial gastroenteritis in a health y older child/adult with good hygiene is most often: a) life-threatening b) self-limiting c) contagious d) both a/c e) both b/c |
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Term
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Definition
| Small pet turtles are most likely to be a source of: a) campylobacter jejuni b) e. coli c) salmonella enteritidis d) shigella e) staph saprophyticus |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleic acid genome of human viruses is: a) DNA b) RNA c) either d) both |
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Term
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Definition
| The protein coat that covers the viral nucleic acid is termed a: |
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Term
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Definition
| The viral attachment protein of an enveloped virus is associated with a: a) capsomer b) peplomer c) protomer d) none of the above |
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Term
| RNA dependent RNA polymerase |
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Definition
| In order for an RNA virus to replicate and transcribe its RNA, it must have ___-dependent ___polymerase. |
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Term
| host cells, host specific |
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Definition
| Interferon is produced by ____ and is ___ specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| The greatest number of deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic were among: (a) young children (b) healthy young adults (c) healthy older adults (d) the elderly |
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Term
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Definition
| The vius which causes avian influenza possesses a ____ not previously associated with influenza in man. A influenza ____ is likely to occur if the virus adapts to humans and begins to spread person-to-person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are (peplomers/protomers) of the (capsid/envelope) of influenza viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The incubation period for influenza is: (a) 4 hours (b) 24-48 hours (c) 72-96 hours (d) 5 days (e) 7-10 days |
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Term
| (c) Either A [rhinovirus] or B [coronavirus] |
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Definition
| The common cold is often caused by: (a) rhinoviruses (b) coronaviruses (c) either A/B (d) Neither A/B |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the following is NOT a usual symptom of influenza? (a) chills (b) diarrhea (c) fever (d) malaise (e) myalgia |
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Term
| (c) people with allergies to eggs |
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Definition
| Which of the following should NOT be immunizaed against influenza? (a) pregnant women (b) healthy children >= 6 months of age (c) people with allergies to eggs (d) all of the above |
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Term
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Definition
| Ocular infection with adenovirus is: (a) highly contagious (b) likely to lead to loss of vision (c) both A/B (d) neither A/B |
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Term
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Definition
| When taken within 2 days of onset of symptoms, the neuraminidase inhibitor ____ marketed as ____ has been shown to reduce moderate to severe symptoms by approximately 1 day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Virulence of the organism which causes diphtheria is primarily due to the presence of a(n): (a) capsule (b) exotoxin (c) endotoxin (d) enzyme |
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Term
| (a) children under 2 years of age |
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Definition
| The primary target population for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) license in 2000 is: (a) children under 2 years of age (b) school-aged children (c) medically compromised adolescents and adults (d) persons over the age of 65 |
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Term
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Definition
| Epidemic meningitis on a college campus is most likely due to infection with (a) E. coli (b) H. influenzae (c) N. gonorrhoeae (d) n. meningitidis (e) s. pneumoniae |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common bacterial STD in the US is ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patients diagnosed with gonorrhea should also be treated for ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common cause of bacterial menigitis today is ___ ___. |
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Term
| H. influenzae and strep pneumoniae |
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Definition
| ___ ___ and ___ ___ are common causes for otitis media and sinusitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is a common nosocomial pathogen, causes opportunistic infections and is common in moist environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whooping cough is caused by ____ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS infection with ___ ___ is often accompanied by a rash. |
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