Term
| What percent of H2O makes up basic body fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluids are distributed between 3 type of compartments what are they? |
|
Definition
- Cells
- Blood vessels
- Tissue space between blood vessels and cells
|
|
|
Term
| Intracellular fluid makes up 2/3 of the bodys H2O which is 40% where can this be found? |
|
Definition
- Skeletal muscle
- Blood cells
- Bone cells
- Adipose tissue
|
|
|
Term
| Intravascular fluid makes up what percent of body fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interstitial fluid makes up how much of the bodys H2O? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
In healthy animals the amount of H2O taken in is equivalent to the amount lost with normal body function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances that dissolve in a solvent(ex: water) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement of H2O thru a selective permeable membrane, always from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary electrolytes in body water and what are they primarily extra or intra cellular? |
|
Definition
- Sodium-extracellular (Cation+)
- Potassium-Intracellular (Cation+)
- Chloride- Extracellular (Anion-)
- Phosphate-Intracelluar (Anion-)
- Bicarbonate- Extracellular (Anion-)
Note: Fluid balance depends on electrolyte balance |
|
|
Term
| Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two categories of imbalance? |
|
Definition
| Metabolic and Respiratory |
|
|
Term
True or False
Primarily metabolic imbalances are generally caused by organ disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolic imbalance is based on bicarb levels what are they mainted through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory imbalance is based on carbonic acid levels what are they mainted through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two categories of imbalance but what four types of imbalance are there? |
|
Definition
- Metabolic acidosis- bicarb deficit
- Metabolic Alkalosis- bicarb excess
- Respiratory acidosis- carbonic acid excess
- Respiratory alkalosis- carbonic acid deficit
|
|
|
Term
| 93% of all clinical cases of imbalance are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical signs of metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
- CNS Depression
- Hyperventilation:Low Total CO2 (confirmed by blood gases)
|
|
|
Term
| What lab findings are there when referring to metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
- Acid Urine
- Acidic blood pH
- Increased BUN/Creatinine
|
|
|
Term
| Body defense mechanisms when referring to metabolic acidosis include increases in respriatory rate and the kidneys trying to reabsorb Bicarb but what treatment is there for metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
- IV Sodium Bicarb
- IV fluids- LRs
- Treatment of underlying cause
|
|
|
Term
| Metabolic Alkalosis can cause severe vomiting due to imbalance from chloride loss which leads to bicarbonate retention... what cause metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
- Severe diarrhea results in excessive amounts of bicarb lost in feces
- Renal disease
- Diabetes
- Overuse of acidic drugs Ex: Asprin
- Severe burns/ Open wounds
|
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
- Over excited CNS
- Tetany
- Twitching
- Convulsions
|
|
|
Term
| Some lab findings on a patient with metabolic alkalosis would be alkaline urine(>7.8) and alkaline blood. How is metabolic alkalosis treated? |
|
Definition
- IV FLuids with Chloride
- Treat causes of vomiting
|
|
|
Term
| If both Vomiting and Diarrhea are present does the acid/base balance usually remain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some lab findings on patients with respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
- Acidic urine ph <5.0
- Acidic Blood pH
- Build up of carbonic acid
|
|
|
Term
| What treatment can be provided to a patient with respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
- IV Sodium Bicarb
- IV FLuids-LRs
- PPV during surgery
- O2 Therapy
- Treatment of underlying cause
|
|
|
Term
| Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by hyperventilation, excitement, heatstroke, fever, and drug induced respiratory stimulation(Doxapram overdose). What are some clinical signs? |
|
Definition
- Deep raid respirations
- CNS excitement
- Tetany
- Convulsions
|
|
|
Term
| The only treatment for this imbalance is to treat the underlying cause, what imbalance am i? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To maintain proper pH all of these systems must work together. Name the systems and their functions. |
|
Definition
- Blood buffers work together to maintain ratio of carbinc acid and bicarbonate
- Renal system maintains balance by elimination and reabsorption
- Respiratory and circulatory (blood) systems make sure exchange is mainted through normal levels
|
|
|
Term
| What route is known as the "pool route" because when injected this way it may take several hours to be absorbed(slowest uptake)? |
|
Definition
SQ
Note: used with midl cases of dehydration and must use isotonic fluids |
|
|
Term
| How do you assess the condition of the patient? |
|
Definition
- Determing the severity by % of dehydration
- Determine GI status
- Disease status
- Conciousness
|
|
|
Term
| Route of administration is determined by: |
|
Definition
- How quickly does the patient need fluids?
- What is the age or size of the patient?
- Vein status
|
|
|
Term
| Fluid type given is chosen by: |
|
Definition
- Disease or condition of the patient
- Hypovolemia, shock
- Edema
- Dehydration
|
|
|
Term
| How long can a through the needle catheter stay in place? |
|
Definition
10 days
Remember: This needle is commonly used for the jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| A butterfly catheter is good for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps for aseptic technique when preparing to give fluids? |
|
Definition
- Assemble equipment
- Clip hair
- Apply sterile gloves
- Apply at least a 3 minute scrub with disinfectant solution/scrub
- Starting in middle working to outer edges
|
|
|
Term
| Where do you want to start when placing a catheter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you know to insert the catheter up to the hub? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the catheter is taped to tight what can occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venoset packages are measured in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pediatric's use__ gtt/ml. |
|
Definition
60
Remember: Patient under 22 lbs gets a pediatric |
|
|
Term
| What is the machine called that gives the desired amount at a desired rate and can be adjusted when needed: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What routes of administration are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Route of administration indicated only when minimal fluid is lost and patient is able to swallow: |
|
Definition
Orally
Remember: Contraindicated in patients with vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, GI obstruction and shock |
|
|
Term
Route of administration used in neonates small animal and exotics:
Hint: Care must be used to avoid visceral organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Route of administration indicated with moderate to severe dehydration and any type of fluid can be given without concern of tissue damage: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Route of administration with second fastest method for rehydration and is used if vein is not attainable : |
|
Definition
IO
Remember: More chance of infection so sterile procedure is a must!
Note: 5 minute scrub down not 3 |
|
|
Term
| Contains crystals or salts diffusable substance that dissolves in solution: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are crystalloids further categorized? |
|
Definition
- Isotonic-used to replace body fluids
- Hypertonic-used to draw water from tissue
- Hypotonic-used to rehydrate tissue
|
|
|
Term
| What is the most common crystalloid category used and WHY? |
|
Definition
| Isotonic because cells are not affected by this type of solution |
|
|
Term
| This example of isotonic's is contrainicated with blood transfusions and is the most common and versatile: |
|
Definition
| Lactated Ringer Solution (LRS) |
|
|
Term
| Contraindicated with cardiac disease this isotonic solution increases plasma volume and sodium concentration: |
|
Definition
| Physiologic Saline (0.9% NaCl) AKa: Normal saline, isotonic saline |
|
|
Term
| This crystalloid category is used to remove tissue fluids from the body via the blood stream and is excreted by the kidneys and can not be given SQ: |
|
Definition
Hypertonic Solution
- NaCl%s-3,4,5,7,23.4
- Uses: Trauma,endotemia, burns etc...
- Complications: phlebitis, hemorrhaging, hypotension
|
|
|
Term
| Not to be used in conditions of pulmonary/cerebral edema/shock and fluids are drawn into tissue with concentration being greater outside the vascular system: |
|
Definition
Hypotonic Soultion
- 5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)
- Diabetics
- Contraindicated SQ
- 2.5% Dextrose/0.45% Saline
|
|
|
Term
| These are non diffusable substances that contain larger particles which allows them to stay within the vascular system longer working much quicker and are typically used in extreme situations/emergency: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An example of a colloid that is most commonly used: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two subcategories of colloids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some natural colloids? |
|
Definition
- Plasma (aid in tx of liver dz)
- Albumin( maintains osmotic pressure)
- Whole blood( tx severe anemia or blood loss)
|
|
|
Term
| This fluid additive is used in patients that are prone to hypoglycemia or patients with increased metabolic needs. Typically added to fluids to make a 2.5%-5% solution: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This additive is measured in mEq and is used as a supplement and is given IV via a slow drip at a constant rate of infusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This additive helps in correcting acidosis and replacement should be given over several hours to avoid side effects like alkalosis and other electrolyte abnormalities: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This fluid additive corrects hypocalcemia and should used only to effect: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This fluid additive is lost rapidly and is water soluble by anorexic and debilitated animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fluid is ideal for routine surgery? It decreases the possibility of respiratory acidosis and maintains tissue perfusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This fluid is ideal for patients in shock, it is given when adequate tissue perfussion is seen and hypovalemia is present. |
|
Definition
| LRS or Multisol-R/ Normosol R |
|
|
Term
| LRS is commonly used in patients with acidosis but what should be done if acidosis is critical? |
|
Definition
| Medicate with Sodium Bicarb IV slowly |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Renal patients are given Normosol®-R, LRS and 0.9% NaCl, but what do acute renal patients get? |
|
Definition
| 0.9% Saline (normal saline) |
|
|
Term
| What does the amount of fluid given depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rehydration is based on the estimated & of dehydration and is determined by: |
|
Definition
- Degree of skin turgor
- CRT
- Pulse rate and quality
Note: For the Math Review your own notes |
|
|
Term
What is the most common percentage of dehydration?
Hint: Symptoms: Dry mucous membranes, slight tacycardia, decreased urine ouput and mild to moderate disease in skin turgor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amount of fluid needed on a daily basis to maintain body function: |
|
Definition
Maintenance
Note: Review math portion in your notes |
|
|
Term
| Body water lost in urine and feces that can be measured is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body water lost through sweating, ventilation, mucous membrane evaportaion are examples of: |
|
Definition
Insensible losses
Remember: These are not easily meausred |
|
|
Term
| Loss of additional fluid amounts can be from: |
|
Definition
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Polyuria
Note: Review MATH!!! |
|
|
Term
| What is the standard surgical fluid infusion rate? |
|
Definition
5 to 10 ml/kg/hour
Remember: Always use the lowest rate unless told otherwise |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of over hydration? |
|
Definition
- Hypothermia (Shivering)
- Increased Heart rate
- Anxiety/ restlessness
- Serous nasal discharge
- Chemosis (conjuctiva edema)
- Ascites/ pitting edema
- Hyperpnea
- Moist rale/increased lung sounds
- Blood pressure increase
- Weight increase
|
|
|
Term
| How often should you monitor a patient that is recieving fluids for maintenance, shock and wide open rates? |
|
Definition
- 5 to 15 minutes (wide open rates)
- 15 to 30 minutes (shock)
- 30 to 60 minutes (maintenance)
|
|
|
Term
| What are some ways you can monitor your patient? |
|
Definition
- Skin turgor (should disappear as therapy continues)
- MM/CRT (Should improve)
- Auscultation (listen for abnormal lung sounds)
- Appearance (overall general appearance should improve)
- Urine output
- Weight
- Lab work (values should return to normal)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remember to be optimistic all your hard studying will pay off in the end! |
|
|
Term
| Graphic recording of electrical potentials produced by heart and muscle during different ohases of the cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
ECG/EKG
(Electrocardiogram/Electrocardiograph) |
|
|
Term
| Sequence of events that occur during one complete heartbeat |
|
Definition
Cardiac Cycle
Note: P,Q,R,S,T |
|
|
Term
| Relaxation of the heart, just prior to and during the filling of the chamber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of the heart, process of partially emptying chambers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Length of a wave or length of a wave within a segment,beginning of one wave to beginning of anohter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Portion of the ECG between two waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stage when heart is at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart muscle contraction in reponse to electrical stimulus and occurs when electrolyte move across the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart muscle relaxation occurs when electrolytes move back across the cell membrane making the cell ready for the next electrical impulse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the heart is the natural pace maker of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Basis for records and consultation
- Serial ECG's can act as an aid in prognosis and diagnosis of cardiac disease
|
|
|
Term
| Electrical impulses that are transmitted through the heart by specialized cells this is called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are five physiologic properties of the cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
- Automaticity
- Excitability
- Refractoriness
- Conductivity
- Contractility
|
|
|
Term
| Property that allows a cell to reach its threshold potential spontaneously |
|
Definition
Automaticity
Remember: The further down the conduction system the slower the rate of automaticity |
|
|
Term
| Property that describes the ease with which a cell can become depolarized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart muscle will not respond to external stimuli during its period of contraction(depolarization) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Property that allows electrical current to trael from one part of the heat to another |
|
Definition
Conductivity
Remember: This is best measured with a echocardiograph |
|
|
Term
True or False
The ECG measures the contraction itself |
|
Definition
False
The ECG machine only measures the stimulus for contraction |
|
|
Term
| Corresponds to atrial depolarization or contraction and can be positive, negative or biphasic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a flat baseline beginning at the end of the P wave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This represents ventricular depolarization or contraction |
|
Definition
QRS Waves
Remember: Q (-), R(+), S(-) |
|
|
Term
| Represents ventricular repolarization or relaxation and can be positive negative or biphasic |
|
Definition
T Wave
Remember: Every QRS complex has a T wave following it |
|
|
Term
| What can the electrode clips be moistened with to assure good contact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do red,black,green,white and brown electrode clips get placed? |
|
Definition
- Red- Left Rear Leg
- Black- Left Front Leg
- Green- Right Rear Leg
- White- Right Front Leg
- Brown- Chest (Tip of Sternum)
|
|
|
Term
| What lead is the most common used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an upward deflection is produced when electrical impulses travel towards a positive electrode respectively a downward deflection would do what? |
|
Definition
| Produce electrical impulses traveling toward a negative electrode |
|
|
Term
| What do you always want your sensitivity and speed at? |
|
Definition
Speed: 50 mm/sec
Sensitivity: 1 cm |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal heart rates for dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
- Dogs: 70-220 beats/min
- Cats: 120-240 beats/min
|
|
|
Term
| Appears on the ECG as even peaked, regular voltages superimposed throughout the tracing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Appears on the ECG as random, irregular voltages superimposed on the tracing |
|
Definition
| Muscle Tremor Interference |
|
|
Term
| Appears on the ECG as fluctuation of the tracing up and downward on the grid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three most preferred orders of administration? |
|
Definition
- Intravenous (IV)
- Intratracheal (IT)
- Intracardiac (IC)
|
|
|
Term
| Drug most commonly used for initial treatment of cardiac arrest because it stimulates heart contractions and blood flow to vital organs and is great for treatment of anaphylactic shock, epistaxis, vasoconstriction and increasing glycogenolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drugs stimulates the myocardium which is why it is used for CPR, shock therapy and acute renal failure but should be monitored closely at a constant rate infusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corrects metabolic acidosis and is useful if cardiac arrest has been present for 10 minutes but should not be used in patients that are hypokalemic or vomiting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increases heart rate lasting 60-90 minutes, helps prevent bradycardia, and ca be used as an antidote for some posioning like organo phoshate posioning |
|
Definition
Atropine
Remember: It's an anticholinergic |
|
|
Term
| This lasts 120-180 mins but does not cross the blood brain barrier and is better used in sight hounds, lean animals and sick animals, not to mention its good for use in c-sections. |
|
Definition
Glycoyrroate
Aka: Robinol
Remember: It's an anticholinergic |
|
|
Term
| Injected slowly to avoid any extravascular injection and is used for hypokalemia and increased toxicity can occur if used with digitalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strengthens the heart after standstill and can help start contractions if given in the left ventricle of the heart. This is used for treatment of hypocalcemia, hypokalemia and ventricular asystole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used in emergencies to treat ventricular arrhytmias and can be toxic at high doses. Another use is to control laryngeal spasms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Counteracts affecta of Xylazine and is used as a respiratory stimulant which is why it is commonly used sublingual in neonates for resuscitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long acting steroidal drug that inhibits phospholipase and is an anti inflammatory. |
|
Definition
Dexmethasone
Ex: Azium, Betamethasone |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate acting steroidal drug that inhibits phospholipase and is an anti inflammatory. |
|
Definition
Prednisolone sodium succinate
Ex: Solu-Delta Cortef
Note: First choice for HBC |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the most common potential side effects with steroid use? |
|
Definition
- Polyphagia
- PU/PD
- Panting
- Weakness
- Bilateral alopecia
|
|
|
Term
| A patient is using steroids and when you run your blood work you are not suprised when you see this blood value very high: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An anticonvulsant and possible induction drug that can be used for appetite stimulant, behavior modification, urethral obstructions and posionings. |
|
Definition
Diazepam
Aka: Valium
Remember: When used as an iduction agent with Ketamine, Valium is drawn up first. |
|
|
Term
| A long acting barbiturate that last 6-8 hours and can be used as a psychotherapeutic and to control seizures once they have been stopped. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Short acting barbiturate that lasts for 30 minutes to 2 hours that is the second most commonly used anticonvulsant if the first fails and can also be used as an anesthetic but should be done so with caution because of its narrow margin of safety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A narcotic antidote that is useful in shock therpay and decreases hemo concentation and metabolic acidosis, useful in shock therpay and OCD disorders. |
|
Definition
Naloxone
Aka: Narcan
Note: Also helps prevent hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| Alpha 2 blocking agent use din if there is a xylazine r romifidine overdose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Useful as an analgesic for mild to moderate pain lasting 1-2 hours this can also be used as an antitussive or antiemetic. |
|
Definition
Butorphanol
Aka: Torbugesic, Torbutrol |
|
|
Term
| Has anti-coagulating properties and is used for arterial thromboembolism, dic and burn victims and should not be used in patients with a history of coagulation disorders |
|
Definition
Heparin
Remember: Monitor patients closely for bleeding thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| Used for pulmonary edema, epistaxsis, oliguria, ascites, diuresis, hypercalcemia and cerebral edem this should not be used in anuric or progressive kidney disease patients. |
|
Definition
Furosemide
Aka: Lasix, Salix, Disal |
|
|
Term
| Helps draw water into renal tubules acting as a diuretic and can be used for acute glaucoma or acute cerebral edem due to trauma. Should not be used in dehydrated patients. |
|
Definition
Mannitol
Remember: In acut cerebral edema cases you can repeat every 4 to 6 hours x 3 if needed |
|
|
Term
| In humna medicine it imporves shor term memory but in veterinary medicine increases blood pressure due to vasoconstriction and helps to increase water reabsorption in the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A human medicine used in veterinary medicine for irregular heart rhythms like atrial/ ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often should and emergency box be checked for outdated drugs, depleted supplies, and clogged needles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Period from the end fo the anesthetic procedure and until normal mentation returns (standing/walking). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major concerns with respiration: |
|
Definition
- Hypoventilation
- Airway obstruction
|
|
|
Term
| Major concerns involving the cardiovascular status: |
|
Definition
- Hypotension
- Hypovalemia
- Arrhythmias
|
|
|
Term
| Major concerns referring to temperature: |
|
Definition
- Hypothermia(usually)
- Hyperthermia(espically sight hounds)
|
|
|
Term
| What are other major concerns besides respiratory, cardiovascular and temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The patient will gradually progress back through the same stages that were experienced during induction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You never want to leave the animal unattended especially while the patient is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a patient is placed in the recovery cage these should not be present: |
|
Definition
- Bowls
- Foreign objects
- Water
- Food
|
|
|
Term
| If a patient is shivering you want to increase the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often should the patient be checked on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should sutures be removed: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The technicians duty is not done until this is done: |
|
Definition
- Patient is fully recovered
- Sutures have been removed
|
|
|
Term
| Pain is scored on a scale of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Position of the teeth in mouth in relationship to each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arrangement of the teeth in the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hard mineralized, brownish- yellow form of plague on the surface of the tooth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abscesses usually develop in these teeth (P4/M1 in dogs; P3/P4 in cat) because they are grinders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bony substance into which periodontal ligaments attach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visible part of the tooth covered by enamel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main portion of the tooth harder than bone but softer than enamel, which is porus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to the dental formula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hardest substance of the body that covers the crown of the tooth and extends to the floor of the gingival sulcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dental specialty of diagnosis and treatment of disease of the dental pulp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the mucous membrane of the mouth immediately surrounding the tooth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small moat surrounding each tooth formed by the gum. This is the seat of active disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal position of the teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Main portion of the upper jaw |
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Definition
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Term
| Corrective tooth movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Anything situated or occurring around a tooth |
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Definition
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Term
| Holds tooth in place in the alveolus |
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Definition
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Term
| This gummy mass of micro- organisms grows on the crown and spreads to the root. It is the forerunner of cavities and periodontal disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| Center of tooth filled with nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Covered by cementum, this suspends teeth in sockets. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal occlusion of dogs and cats known as? |
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Definition
Scissor bite
(Lower incisors just behind the upper) |
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Term
| This occurs more frequently in the mouth of cats and can develop into LPS which is diffucult to treat, but usually responds to steroids and if not extraction is a possibilty. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tooth appears darker in color than normal tooth due to gradual wearing of the tooth, this forms in areas exposed to injury and the pulp retreats never being exposed. |
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Definition
Tertiary Dentin
Aka: Irregular Secondary Dentin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Toward the tip (apex) of the tooth, referring towards the root |
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Definition
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Term
| Towards the tooth's crown |
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Definition
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Term
| Portion near junction of the crown and root |
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Definition
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Term
| Outer surface of the tooth near the lip |
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Definition
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Term
| Outer surface of the tooth near the cheek |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The ridge at the base of the crown that is found on some teeth |
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Definition
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Term
| Surface between the teeth |
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Definition
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Term
| These type of teeth are used for cutting, shearing and grooming. |
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Definition
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Term
| These type of teeth are used for grasping and tearing. These are the tusks on elephants and boars and are missing in mares and ruminants. |
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Definition
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Term
| These teeth are used for cutting and shearing. |
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Definition
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Term
| These teeth are used for grinding. In equines the filling down of these teeth is called floating. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cats have 26 deciduous teeth while dogs have this many deciduous teeth: |
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Definition
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Term
| Dogs have 42 adult teeth while cats have only this many adult teeth: |
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Definition
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Term
| Deciduous teeth are all present by 7 weeks of age when do they initially erupt? |
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Definition
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Term
| Permanent teeth erupt at 3-4 months of age, when should all of these teeth be present? |
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Definition
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Term
| These permanent teeth are usually the last to fully erupt. |
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Definition
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Term
| The mental foramen and infraorbital forman are common sites where these two drugs can be administered to block nerves. What two drugs can they be? |
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Definition
| Bupivacaine and Lidocaine |
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Term
| When the lower jaw is significantly shorter than the upper jaw giving the animal an overbite this is known as: |
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Definition
"Over-shot" jaw or "Parrot mouth"
Aka: Class II or Distoclusion
Aka: Brachygnathic |
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Term
| When the lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw giving the animal an underbite this is called: |
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Definition
"Under-shot" Jaw
Aka: Prognathism
Aka: Class III or Mesioclusion
Note: This can be normal anatomy in some breeds |
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Term
| When the incisors meet flatly making it difficult for the animal to chew this is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| When the maxillary/ mandible are correctly proportioned but one or more teeth are misaligned this can cause palatal tissue damage ( oral-nasal fistulas). What is this called? |
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Definition
Neutroclusiom
Aka: Class I Malocclusion |
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Term
| When genetically one side/ portion of the skull is longer than the other, dispoportionately sized relative to the other half. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9% of dogs are presented with this condition of having extra teeth. The most common being the incisors and molars, which can lead to pain while chewing. |
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Definition
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Term
| Common in smaller breeds this predisposes an animal to periodontal disease which can cause abnormal positioning of permanent teeth. |
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Definition
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Term
| The abscence of some/all teeth from the dental arch. Many disqualify certain breeds from showing for this. |
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Definition
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Term
| When referencing teeth using the triadan system, the right maxillary teeth are always in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| When referencing teeth using the triadan system, the left mandibular teeth are always in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The last premolar always ends in: |
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Definition
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Term
| When referencing teeth using the triadan system, the left maxillary teeth are always numbered in: |
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Definition
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Term
| Cavities in dogs are rare but are occasionally seen in cats usually occuring right at the gingiva or below. In cats what are cavities called? |
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Definition
Feline Odontoclasty Resorptive Lesion
(FORL) |
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Term
| Common to see in cats this can be a clinical sign of FeLV &/or FIV |
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Definition
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Term
| Condition often associated with severe dental disease due to inflammation and exudative prescence. This most commonly involves the heart valves and inner lining of the cardiac chambers. |
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Definition
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Term
| A benign tumor that is pink, smooth, tough and may displace teeth. This is commonly seen in boxers. |
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Definition
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Term
| This benign tumor is hard, rough, appears whitish in color and deposits calcium on the gum. |
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Definition
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Term
| This benign tumor resembles a wart and may or may not spread. |
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Definition
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Term
| Common neoplasia in dogs and is commonly seen in breeds with heavily pigmented gums. |
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Definition
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Term
| This the most common malignant tumor and can occur in various areas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Usually orginates from tooth or tooth germ these can occur in various areas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Administration of this drug to pregnant or young animals binds to calcium depositing in devloping teeth causing teeth to stain yellow tending to darken with age. |
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Definition
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Term
| Irregular, thin pitted enamel usually a result of nutritional deficiency, high fever, heavy parasitism during development or often seen in dogs recovered from distemper. |
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Definition
Enamel Hypoplasia
Aka: Distemper teeth |
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Term
| This often goes undetected unless animal shows signs of pain (most often when chewing) this occurs when the inability to complete eruption process occurs. |
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Definition
Impaction
Note: Must be extracted |
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Term
| Foreign body objects like bones, pieces of toys, food, needles, etc... can be recognized by: |
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Definition
| Rapid tongue movements and dysphagia |
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Term
| This occurs when a slab fracture of a tooth becomes infected and erupts just under the eye socket. Treatment requires extraction of the tooth and the tooth nearby may or may not need extraction also. |
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Definition
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Term
| These allergy related lesions commonly seen on the lips of felines respond well with treatment of corticosteroids. |
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Definition
Eosiniophilic Ulcer
Aka: Rodent Ulcer
Aka: Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex |
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Term
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Definition
- Food Debree
- Sloughed cells
- Specific forms of bacteria that live off debris
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Term
| What are some factors that affect periodontal disease? |
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Definition
- Breed
- Diet
- Age
- Lack of oral hygiene
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Term
| What are some clinical signs caused by tartar? |
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Definition
- Halitosis
- Appetite Loss
- Hard yellow/brown deposits on teeth
- Ulcers on lips and cheeks
- Lethargy
- Root exposure
- Severe gingivitis
- Hemorrhage
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Term
| Periodontal disease is diagnosed by: |
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Definition
- Oral Examination
- Clinical Signs
- Periodontal Probing-to determine extent of damage
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Term
| A probe has a measurement in increments in: |
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Definition
mm
Note: Anything over 1 mm in cats and 3mm in dogs is a pocket. |
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Term
| What are some of the most common solutions used for mouth rinse? |
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Definition
- Steile Saline
- Chlorhexidine
- Used in a 0.1-0.2 % (0.12% average)
- Two forms: Diacetate or Gluconate (preferred)
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Term
| What happen if polishing does not take place after scaling tartar? |
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Definition
| Scaling leaves grooves creating increased surface area giving plaque more holding surface which can cause tartar to build up sooner. |
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Term
| Which direction to use always want to scrap when hand scaling? |
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Definition
| Always stroke away from gums (Coronally) |
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Term
| Which form of scaling is easier and faster and may cause damage if left on the tooth for longer than 5 seconds? |
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Definition
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Term
| These can all be used as preventative hygiene: |
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Definition
- Some type of brushing
- Dry Food
- Hard chew toys, hard treats. flossing type toys
- Antibacterial gels, sprays or liquids
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Term
| This helps to desensitize sensitive teeth and strengthen enamel, providing antibacterial activity in the mouth. If used with chlorhexidine it will cancel any effect they have for preventative care. |
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Definition
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Term
| A wide type insert for a hand piece is used for: |
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Definition
Flatter surfaces
Note: Narrow or ponted tip is used for between teeth and tight grooves |
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Term
| All personnel within how many feet should wear proper protective equipment? |
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Definition
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Term
| The tuner control dial on an ultrasonic dental scaler has a range of least to greatest numerically it is: |
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Definition
0-10
Remember: This tunes the hand piece to optimum operating efficiency |
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Term
| The hand piece should be held: |
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Definition
| At a 15° angle to the tooth surface like a pencil |
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Term
| This insert removes tartar and stain from the anterior tooth. |
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Definition
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Term
| This insert used for gross removal of tartar and stains. |
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Definition
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Term
| Insert that removes tartar and stains on molars. |
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Definition
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Term
| Periodontal probing allows detection of pockets. Pockets are then treated based on: |
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Definition
| Depth and radiographic changes to the gums and teeth. |
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Term
| This instrument is used to dig into the gingival sulcus down to the root to loosen tooth and ligaments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Very similar to tartar scalers but can be used in the gingival sulcus. |
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Definition
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