Term
| Hormones of the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
1. Mineralcorticoids (Aldorsterone)
2. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) |
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Term
|
Definition
Regulate electrolyte balance. Acts @ renal tubules to cause Na retention + K + H excretion.
Prevents K accumulation and exerts major effect on blood volume. |
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Term
|
Definition
Alertness. Fluctuates throughout day. Control of dopamine levels.
Give it to dogs during day, cats during night |
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Term
| Characteristics of steroids |
|
Definition
1. All steroids are lipids, all insoluble in water
-Must have carrier to travel in aqueous media. Bound to a protein carrier in plasma
2. Released into cells rather slowly. Serves as reservoir. Carried by protein complex in plasma
3. True water soluble steroids in plasma NOT bound to a carrier. Released into cells rather quickly. |
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Term
| How can we make steroids last longer in the body? |
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Definition
| By adding synthetic additions to hydrocortisone. These delay biotransformation and excretion of the drug and hence increase duration of action. |
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Term
| Order of duration of action from shortest to longest acting |
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Definition
| 1. Hydrocortisone < Triacinolone/Prednisolone/Prednisone < Betamethasone/Deamethasone |
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Term
|
Definition
Shorest acting drug.
1. Acetate, Acetonide, Diacetate and Methyl causes slower absorption, metabolism, excretion. Longer duration.
2. Succinate and phosphate and more water soluble.
3. Acetonide poorly water soluble, binds to keratin. Less side effect/topical absorption.
Can be placed in suspension. |
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Term
| Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on carbohydrate metabolism |
|
Definition
| Increase blood glucose, increase insulin resistance |
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Term
| Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on protein metabolism |
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Definition
| Increase blood glucose. Weak muscles, pot belly(lack of protein, parasites, cushings) |
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Term
| Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on fat metabolism |
|
Definition
| Increase blood glucose due to fat breaking down. Edema |
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|
Term
| Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on Water and electrolyte metabolism |
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Definition
| PU/PD, bloating. Na retention and K depletion. |
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Term
| Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on the muscularskeletal system |
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Definition
| Can weaken muscle. Bone is weakened. |
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Term
| Anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoid hormones |
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Definition
1. Suppresses tissue response to injury. Stabilize cell membranes. Less swelling
2. Decreases capillary permeability so less loss of fluids + plasma proteins.
3. Inhibits antibody fomration
4. Inhibits PG synthesis
Corisone: Inhibits cox1,co2, lox rxns |
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Term
| GI effects of glucocorticoid hormones |
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Definition
| GI ulceration due to cox-1 inhibition. Liver/kidney failure |
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Term
| Behavioral effects of glucocorticoid hormones |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoid effects on blood thyroid levels |
|
Definition
Lowers blood thyroid levels.
Cats: increase cortisol. T4 drop = artifact |
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Term
| Glucocorticoid effects on blood |
|
Definition
Neutrophilia
Lymphopenia + eosinopenia
Stimulates RBC and platelet production |
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Term
| How can glucorticoid cause polyuria? |
|
Definition
1. Water diuresis from polydipsia. Most common. Na retention = activate thirst center
2. Directly antagonizes ADH
3. Direct action on kidney |
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Term
| How can glucorticoid cause polydipsia? |
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Definition
| By increasing Na retention, stimulating thirst center |
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Term
| Contraindications to corticosteroid use/ Don't give cortisol to animals with the following conditions |
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Definition
1. Pregnancy, diabetes mellitus
2. Corneal ulcers
3. Renal insufficiency, liver failure
4. Uncontrolled infection
5. GI disease |
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Term
| What are some conditions where corticosteroids can be used therapeutically? |
|
Definition
1. Adrenal insufficiency (hypoadrenocorticism): Replacement for both glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids
2. Shock (trauma, anaphylaxis, vascular): + Fluids, other supportive care
3. Local inflammation
4. Immune suppresion: autoimmune disease, transplant rejection, IMHA, lupus
5. Generalized, trauma, inflammation, allergies, cancer, tumor shrinkage |
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Term
| 3 cautions for using corticosteroids |
|
Definition
1. Work as adjuvents to therapy, not a cure
2. Use at lowest dose for shortest time possible to avoid HPA axis suppression
3. In cases of infection |
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Term
| Side effects of corticosteroid drugs |
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Definition
| Can get cushings and/or addisons from long term use. |
|
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Term
| What can be some causes of fresh blood in stool? |
|
Definition
1. Feeding people food
2. Being on corticosteroid |
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Term
| Iatrogenic secondary hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons) |
|
Definition
Corticosteroid use depresses HPA axis, causing adrenal atropy. Have to taper
Disruptions of water and electrolyte balance. PU/PD, bloating from Na retention |
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|
Term
Iatrogenic secondary hyperadrenocortism
(Cushings) |
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Definition
Result of long term use. Hair loss, pot belly, PU/PD, thin skin, calcinosis cutis
Hepatopathy, induced pancreatitis, panting, hematochezia, kidney failure. |
|
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Term
| Signs of cushings disease |
|
Definition
1. Muscle wasting, weakness
2. Hyperglycemia
3. Decreased immune response
4. Osteoporosis
5. Poor wound healing
6. Thin skin, poor tone, alopecia, bruising
7. Changes in food/water consumption
8. GI ulceration |
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Term
| Cortisone dosage concepts |
|
Definition
1. Dosages need to be individualized based on clinical response (Cats: eve, Dogs: day)
2. Massive doses may be needes in desparate situations
3. Taper off dosage if drug is no longer needed. Can cause reoccuring bladder infections, stones, diabetes.
4. Alternate day dosing to allow body to rest and make its own cortisol
5. ACTH testing may be done to test HPA axis. |
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Term
| Types of Corticosteroid preparations |
|
Definition
1. Hydrocortisone
2. Prednisone
3. Prednisolone
4. Prednisolone sodium succinate
5. Methylprednisolone
6. Nethylprednisolone sodium succinate
7. Methylprednisolone acetate
8. Trimcinolone acetonide
9. Dexamethasone
10. Dexamthasone sodium phosphate
11. Betamethasone
12. Mometasone |
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Term
| Prednisone (Deltasone and generics) |
|
Definition
Lots of PU/PD. Commonly used, many forms available.
Prednisone --> Prednisolone via liver metabolism.
Not ideal for liver failure patients. |
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Term
| Prednisolone (Delta-Cortef and generics) |
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Definition
Same as prednisone, except less liver metabolism
Ideal for liver failure patients, cats, animals with kidney disease. |
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Term
| Prednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Delta-Cortef) |
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Definition
| H2O soluble. Used IV in high doses for shock. |
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Term
| Methylprednisolone (Medrol) |
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Definition
| Longer lasting, more potent glucocorticoid. Less minerocoid activity. Less PU/PD |
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Term
| Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol) |
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Definition
H2O soluble. Used IV
Use saline as diluent, NOT Benzyl alcohol due to toxicity to cats |
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Term
| Methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol and generics) |
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Definition
Suspension. Long acting repositrol preparation. Last 3-6 wks. Use in cats with chronic allergies.
Can cause diabetes mellitus, cushings if used too long or in high doses |
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Term
| Triamcinolone acetonide (Vetalog) |
|
Definition
Injection, oral, topical preparations. Less NA retention. Less PU/PD. Intermediate duration. Often used daily to keep blood levels high.
Topical preps (Panalog and generics) bind to keratin in skin so very little is absorbed. Less side affects |
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Term
| Dexamethasone (Azium and generics) |
|
Definition
Injection, oral and topical preps. Very potent. Long lasting. Less NA retention than prednisolone. Less PU/PD.
Ingredient in Tresaderm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Injectionable. Thick colorless soln. Not used IV. Dont use for shock. Used on cows with ketosis |
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|
Term
| Dexmethasone sodium phosphate |
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Definition
| H2O soluble. Used IV for shock. Take 20 min to start effect when given IV |
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Term
|
Definition
Many topical preparations, used in otic and opthalmic meds.
Very potent, long acting. Less PU/PD. Duraction 3-6 weeks.
Diabetes possible side effect. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Long acting corticosteroid |
|
|
Term
| How high of a dose must a glucocorticoid be to correct shock and reduce edema? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
List by DEA based on potential for abuse and danger. 5 categories.
CI (most) -----> C5 (least) |
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Term
|
Definition
High potential for abuse. No current accepted medical use. Lack of accepted safety for use. Not avail. to practitioner. Facility only.
Separate log with order forms
Ex: Research/street drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
High potential for abuse. Severe psychological and physical dependence. Accepted medical use with severe restrictions.
Separate log with order forms
Ex: Opioids, cocaine, opiate derivatives |
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Term
|
Definition
Less potential for abuse. Accepted medical use. May lead to moderate-low physical, high psychological dependence.
Requires log
Ex: Ketamine, Bupanorphine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Low potential for abuse. Accepted medical use. Limited physical and psychological dependence.
Requires log
Ex: Tremadol, mixtures |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accepted medical use. Low abuse potential. Limited physical and psychological dependence. |
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Term
| What is the min. amount a time that invoices for controlled substances must be kept? |
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Definition
| 2 years. Should be done every 6 months. Permit must be renwed every 3 years. |
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Term
| What can be used to lock up scheduled substances? What can't? |
|
Definition
Can used locked cabinents and drawers
Make sure safe cannot be carried out. Has to be heavy enough or bolted down
Don't have to double lock. Can keep 1 bottle controlled substance in fridge.
No mini fridges in client reach. Place in treatment room. |
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Term
|
Definition
Drugs that stimulate opiate (endorphine, enkephaline and dynorphins) receptors in the brain, causing heavy sedation, hypnosis and analgesia.
Inhibits ACHase, SLUD, dopamine to effect sensory and motor function |
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Term
|
Definition
| Morphine, Oxymorphone, Hydromorphone, Fentanyl |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Butorphanol, Buprenorphine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Excellent analgesic, antispasmodic, antitussive properties
2. See vomiting, defecation, salivation followed by slowing of the gut (give with atropine to reduce effects)
3. Stimulates resp. center, then depresses it.
4. Minimal cardiovascular effects
5. Give SQ in dog. Dose very low in cats, horses, cattle
6. Analgesic/sedative in C-section
7. Reversible with Naloxone |
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Term
|
Definition
SLUD (DE), pupil constriction, bradycardia, hypothermia, convulsions, respiratory depression, death.
Reversible with Naloxone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C-II Opiate
10x more potent than morphine
Used in high risk patients and C-sections |
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Term
|
Definition
| C-II Opioid. Recently off market. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
C-II Opiate Methylmorphine
Derived from morphine, not as strong. 1/6th as potent as an analgesic
Inhibits cough center. |
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|
Term
| Hydrocodone Bitartrate (Tussigon, Hycodan) |
|
Definition
C-II Opiate
Analgesic action similar to codeine.
Antitussive agent, use in kennel cough |
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|
Term
|
Definition
C-II Opiate
Stimulates vomiting center. Very potent and reliable in dogs. Variable response in cats. |
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|
Term
| Fentanyl (Sublimaze, Innovar-vet) |
|
Definition
Class-II Opioid
Excellent analgesic. Short duration (duragesic)
Avail. as transdermal patch.
100x potent as morphine.
Recovyra: Topical liquid/soln. Opioid of Fentantlyl |
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Term
|
Definition
| C-II opiate. Wildlife use. 1,000x more potent than morphine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
C-IV Opioid
Partial opioid agonist/antagonist
Good analgesic. Mild-Moderate pain. 4-7x more potent than morphine.
Potent antitusive 4x morphine (dosed less)
Combined with anesthetics to less post-op pain, reverse narcotic analgesics. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
C-IV Opioid
Partial opioid agonist/antagonist |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Class-III Opioid
Partial M-receptor opioid agonist
30x more potent than morphine as an analgesic. Mild-moderate pain.
Last the longests (6-12 hrs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C-III Opioid
Cat product. Pain control injectable. Don't use in dogs, causes bad constipation. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
C-II or C-III opiate
Inhibits GI motility. Used orally to stop diarrhea.
Pepto-Bismol with Paregoric = corrective mixture with paregoric. |
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|
Term
| Diphenoxylate w/atropine (Lomotil, Lonox) |
|
Definition
C-V opioid (C-II without atropine)
Inhibits GI motility. Used orally to stop diarrhea.
Atropine added as a antispamodic and to prevent abuse |
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Term
|
Definition
Low end opioid
Avail OTC. Used to stop diarrhea. Stop drug in 48hrs if its not effective. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Pure narcotic antagonist. Reverses effects of narcotics.
Short duration: 30 min. No side effects |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Class IV M-agonist.
nalgesic in cats/dogs for pain control.
Can be used with NSAID |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Can be used with Nsaids.
Primary use for neuropain, can be used for other types of pain (mild-moderate) for amputations |
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|
Term
| Types of Euthanasia drugs |
|
Definition
1. Sleepaway
2. Beuthanasia-D
3. Fatal-plus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C-II.
Pentobarbitol 26%, isopropyl OH-10% |
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|
Term
|
Definition
C-III
Euthasol. Pink juice
Pentobarbitol 39%. phenytoin 50mg/ml to stop heart
Req log of use. $$$
Used in combination with sedatives and/or other injectable anesthetics to produce a smoother, less stressful death. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Present in mast cells, basophils, mucosal layer of GI tract and CNS
Releases in the following situations
-Mech trauma to tissues
-Excessive heat/cold
-UV irradiation
-Chem agents
-Antigens: antibody rxns and allergic respnses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. Exocrine glandular secretion (Gastric HCL secretion) H-2 receptors
2. Contraction of intestinal, uterine, and bronchia smooth muscle. H-1 receptors
3. Cardiovascular effects include vasodilation, reduced arterial pressure (hypotension), increased capillary permeability and tachycardia.
4. Inflam and shock. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. Metabolic antagonists: anti-histamine slowly breaks down histamine
2. Competitive antagonsts: anti-histamine H1 + H2 compete for specific receptors in tissue cells |
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|
Term
| Clinical uses of anti-histamines |
|
Definition
1. Allergic disorders (H1 action) prophylactic value > symptomatic actions
2. Hives (Urticaria), pruritis, other skin irritations (H1)
3. Respiratory diseases (H1): equine pulmonary emphysema and bovine asthma. 2ndary treatment with sympathomimetics''4. Antin |
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|
Term
| Why shouldnt you squeeze a tumor? |
|
Definition
| Releases histamine. Can send animal into shock |
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|
Term
| Side effects of antihistamines |
|
Definition
1. Sedation, redenced mental acuity and nervousness
2. Dry mouth
3. Teratogenesis
4. GI disturbances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Ethylenediamines
2. Ethanolamines
3. Alkylamines
4. Piperazines
5. Phenothiazines
8. Piperidines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mild sedative effects. Used in emergencies
1. Pyrilamine (Neo-Antergan and others) meleate salt
2. Tripelenamine HCL (Re-cover injection). LA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Marked sedative effects.
1. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Caladryl lotion).
2. Dimenhydrate (Dramamine) H1 blocker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mild sedative effect
1. Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-trimeton)
2. Dexbrompheniramine (Dimetane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mild sedative effect
1. Chlorcyclizine (Di-paralene)
2. Hydroxyzine (Ativan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Marked sedatuve effects, used as major tranquilizers in psychiatry
1. Promethazine HCl (Phenergan HCl): anti-nausea after post-op
2. Trimeprazine (Temaril): Temaril-P with prednisone. Synergestic with antihistamine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Do not cross blood brain barrier. Little sedative effect Anticholinergic properties. Appitite stimulant
Cyptoheptadine (Periactin): Antihisamine and serotonin antagonist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cimetidine (Tagamet)
2. Ranatidine (Zantac)
3. Omeprazole and Prevacid
4. Ulcer and gastro-gaurd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immunostimulant in horses with melanoma. Used heavily, but causes gynecomastia and impotence in males.
Decreases metabolism of other drugs metabolized by liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selective H2 antagonist. More potent (4-8x than cimetidine). Fewer side effects, longer acting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks HCl secretion. Hydrogen blocker. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treatment of ulcers in hoses. Blocks HCl secretion. Hydrogen blocker. Legend drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treatment of ulcers in horses. Blocks HCl secretion. OTC. |
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|
Term
| Inhibitors of histamine release |
|
Definition
1. Cromolyn sodium (Intal Opicrom, Nasalcrom)
2. Sucralfate (Carafate)
3. Misoprostol (Cytotec) |
|
|
Term
| Cromolyn sodium (Intal, Opticrom, Nasalcrom) |
|
Definition
| Blocks histamine release from mast cells assoc. with allergic rxns or excercise induced asthma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sugar that binds to proteins at the site of the ulcer and forms a protective mucus coating. Also inhibits pepsin and increeases blood flow to the area by increasing PGE-a
Prevents and treats ulcers caused by nsaids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthetic PGE, Decrease mucus, HCl |
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|
Term
| Drugs used to modify behavior |
|
Definition
1. Diazepam (Vallium)
2. Clomipramine (Clomicalm, Anafranil)
3. Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile)
4. Amitriptyline (Elavil)
5. Buspirone (Buspar)
6. Trazadone
7. Magestrol acetate
8. Slentrol (Dirlotapine)
9. Feliway
10. Cat attract litter + additive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Skeletal muscle relaxant and anxiolytic. Facilities action of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS
2. Reduces noise phobias in dogs, spraying and anxiety in cats.
3. Seizure control IV, rectally, intra-nasally
4. Appetite stimulant in cats (IV + PO)
5. H2O version of diazepam is midazolam |
|
|
Term
| Chlomipramine (Clomicalm, Anafranil) |
|
Definition
1. SSRI, may block some dopamine receptors. Tricyclic antidepressant (TSA). Increase epineprhine, serotonin
2. Used in sepraration anxiety in dogs > 6 mo age, excessive barking, destruction, elimination.
3. Side effects: V/D, lethargy, anorexia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile) |
|
Definition
1. SSRI. Does not raise epineprhine level.
2. Anxiolytic, antipruritic, anti-compulive disorder drug. 1 mg/kg dose
3. Used for many behavioral problems in cats. Safe to use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not approved for vet use. Anti-depressant that blocks reuptake of serotonin in CNS, increasing serotonin.
TCA. Calming effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anxiolytic that decreases serotonin activity.
-Dopamine antagonist. Slow acting.
Used for noise phobia, sep. anxiety in dogs. Decrease spraying in cats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SSRI and increase serotonin precursors (5HT)
1-2mg/kg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ataxia, vomit/diarrhea, increase hyperthermia, increast breathing
Treat with fluids, supportive care |
|
|
Term
| Magestrol Acetate (Ovaban, Megace) |
|
Definition
Synthetic progestogen, potent anti-inflammatory
-Decrease aggression, spraying in cats.
- Control diarrhea, pruritis.
- Side effects: Diabetes, pyometra, immune suppression.
See if inflam. bowel disease will respond to drug. Becareful with high dosage/frequent use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decease appetite. Increase swelling of small intestine. Causes bloat, discomfort.
Use in very fat dogs only. Dietary adjunct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthetic pheromone. Collar rewuires skin/body contact.
Dog version: Adaptil. Mimicks lactating dog pheromones |
|
|
Term
| Cat attract litter and additive |
|
Definition
| Herbal formula (cat nip) 70% response. Not absorbed orally |
|
|
Term
| Ophthalmic medications and treatment |
|
Definition
1. Tropicamide (Mydriacyl, Tropicacyl)
2. Atropine (RED CAP)
3. Pilocarpine (GRN CAP)
4. Topical anesthetic agent (proparacaine, tetracaine)
5. Antibiotics
6. Corticosteroids
7. Mannitol
8. Latanoprost (Xalatam): PGF2a. 50microns/ml. Glaucoma. Increase fluid leaving eyeball. |
|
|
Term
| Types of Ceruminolytic agents |
|
Definition
1. Cerumite: Squalene. Increase absorption in mm + skin. Inflammed ears.
2. Clear ear cleansing soln. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, urea proxide. Decreases surface tension in H20. DSS: stool softener, mild laxative |
|
|
Term
| Types of cleansing agents |
|
Definition
1. Nolvasan Otic: Chlorhexdine. Have to becareful. Use if TM intact. Ototoxic
2. Epi-Otic: Lactic acid, Salicylic acid Antimicrobial properties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Tresaderm: bacterial and fungal infections with mild-moderate inflammation. Kills ear yeast, not ringworm |
|
|
Term
| List of active ingredients in common skin disorder therapeutic products |
|
Definition
1. Sulfur: Antimicrobial
2. Salicylic acid: Take off dead skin
3. Coal tar: Take off dead skin
4. Benzoyl Peroxide: Anti-microbial, break down grease |
|
|
Term
| 2 most common skin diseases |
|
Definition
1. Seborrhea sicca (ingedients 1 +2)
2. Seborrhea oleosa (ingredients 1-4) |
|
|
Term
| What is your response when a caller complains about more flakes/dandruff on their animal? |
|
Definition
| The presence of dandruff an indicator that the medication is working. In order to replace the sick skin with stronger newer skin, the body must shed the old skin in the form of dandruff. It will take about 2-3 weeks for the new layer of skin to appear |
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|
Term
| Factors involved with the cause of cancer |
|
Definition
1. Aging
2. Excess/lack of nutritional factors. Cancer likes carbs
3. Stress
4. Physical trauma
5. Irritation
6. Viruses
7. Exogenous chemicals
Caused by inhibition or loss of normal cellular ontrol. Inability to stop growing/regulate mitosis |
|
|
Term
| What to remember about the overall results of chemotherapy |
|
Definition
| Tens to be palliative rather than curative. Extends life of valued companion animal for a few months. |
|
|
Term
| Toxic effects of chemotherapy |
|
Definition
1. Bone marrow depression: Decreased platelets, WBC's, RBC's
2. Alimentary tract: Lesions, hemmorhage, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Liver + kidney failure |
|
|
Term
| How are chemotherapy drugs dosed? |
|
Definition
Suggested dose based on body surfac
Supportive care very important
May need to monitor uric acid levels.
If uric acid levels high, administer Allopurinol to decrease them |
|
|
Term
| Chemotherapy Extravasation drug |
|
Definition
Increases fluid absorption rate. Breaks down cell membranes for fluid to diffuse faster. Absorbs quicker.
Used when chemotherapy drug leaks outside the vein. |
|
|
Term
| Drugs with anti-cancer properties |
|
Definition
1. Doxorubicin: Caustic. 2nd most used drug
2. Prednisone: Kills rapidly dividing cells. Gives animal more time.
Affects transitional cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used in dog/cat lymphoma, mast cell tumors
Histiocytic sarcoma
Some brain tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give IP. Used in animals with histopathologically-confirmed fibrosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| Palladia (toceranib phosphate) (Zoetis) |
|
Definition
Treats cell mast tumors in dogs. Avail. to all vets. Treats Grade II and III, recurrent coetaneous mast cell tumors in dogs with or without lymph node involvement.
Inhibits tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors. Less cellular growth, induce cell death.
Anti-angiogenic activity. Inhibit blood vessel formation in tumors.
May have an effect on mammary gland carcinomas, soft tissue sarcomas and multiple myeloma. Melanoma
60% response rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar drug to toceranib |
|
|
Term
| Oncept canine melanoma vaccine |
|
Definition
Oncologist practice vets only.
Contains plasmid DNA that expreses gene coding for human tyrosinase (cuts down melanoma). Vaccine stimulates an imune response. Protein is familiar enough to the canine tyrosinase that the immune reponse is effective against canine melanoma cells which express tyrosinase.
Not a cure, but extends life of animals. |
|
|
Term
| Types of immunomodulator drugs |
|
Definition
1. Interferon (Roferon-A)
2. Immunoregulin and Equistim
3. Staphage Lysate (SPL)
4. Septi-serum
5. Regression
6. Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunodulator (LTCI)
7. Cyclosporine (Sandimmune HL, Optimmune and Atopical)
9. Apoquel/Oclacitinib |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Stimulates local oropharyngeal (PO) immune system, reduces viral replication.
2. For chronic URI, FeLv, FIV, stomatitis and parvo
3. Give SID for 7 days, then offf 7 days
4 Keep refridgerated. Last 3 months. Diluted soln may be frozen for longer storage |
|
|
Term
| Immunoregulin and Equistim |
|
Definition
Immunostimulant
1. Increases macrophage and T-cell activity.
2. Treats reoccuring pyometra in dogs, respiratory infections in horses with antibiotics
3. Off label use for FeLv, FIV, FIP, URI
4. Used IV and SQ with specific protocol. Looks naturally cloudy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Lysed Staph. aureus and a bacteriophage. Stimulates B and T cells with Staph. antibodies.
2. Used SQ. Don't use if cloudy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-endotoxin antibodies from a mutant strain of equine origin Salmonelle typhymurium
1. Cross protects from endotoxins from other gram - bacteria. Increades survibability of Parvo
2. Use IV ONE time. Can cause allergic rxn or death if used more. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell wall fraction of a Mycobacterium
1. Stimulates immune system. Adjunct therapy for mammary tumors |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocyte T-cell Immunomodulator (LTCI) by Imulan |
|
Definition
1. Increases T-helper cell number and function
2. Increases RBC's and platelets
3. 3 weekly injections, then every other week and then monthly
4. May be useful in FeLv and FIV |
|
|
Term
| Cyclosporine (Sandimmune HL, Optimmune, Atopica) |
|
Definition
1. Immunosuppressive drug used after organ transplant
2. Lacrimostimulant. Used for KCS (dry eye)
3. Apply 1-2x a day usually for life.
4. Atopica approved for atopic dermatitis in dogs over 4 lbs. Drug of choice for inhalant/seasonal allergies. Side effects: Vomiting/diarrhea
5. #2 drug used for IMHA and thrombocytopenia if glucocorticoids aren't effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Controls itching in atopic dermatitis.
Research being done in cats with asthma (Not approved yet) |
|
|
Term
| 3 general classes of disease effecting the heart |
|
Definition
1. Disease of the heart muscle (infarctions, cardiomyopathy)
-Causes vary, from nutritional to coronary artery thrombosis
-Medical treatment may be helpful, surgery rare.
2. Derangements in blood flow
-Inherited/developmental: patent ductus arteriosis, septum defects, right aortic arch
-Acquired disease: Valvular heart disease, CHF
-Dental disease
3. Impulse conduction disturbances
-Abnormal rhythm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Asymptomatic
2. Mild
3. Moderate
4. Severe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asymptomatic.
Clinical signs: none/cardiac murmur
ECG: normal. Xray: Normal/mild atrial enlargement |
|
|
Term
| Heart failure class 2 + 3 |
|
Definition
Mild-moderate
Clinical signs: evident with mild exercise
ECG: Normal or heart enlargement. Increased heart rate with or w/o arrhythmias
Xray: Left atrial or left ventricular enlargement. With or w/o R ventricular enlargement and pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Severe
Clinical signs: respiratory distress, signs in class 2. Leads to shock/death
ECG: Class 2 signs + greater frequency of arrhythmias
Xray: biventricular enlargement, mod-severe L atrial enlargment, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, chronic valve disease |
|
|
Term
| Why do we use ACE-inhibitors |
|
Definition
| To inhibit action of aldosterone. Reduces ascutes and edema |
|
|
Term
| Commonly used cardiac drugs |
|
Definition
1. Epinephrine
2. Isoproterenol (Isuprel)
3. Digitalis glycosides (Digoxin, Digitoxin)
4. Nitroglycerin
5. Enalapril (Enacard)
6. Pimobendin (Vetmedin)
7. Quinidine (cardioquin and others)
8. Procainamide (Procan, Pronestyl)
9. Lidocaine, Tocainide
10. Propranolol (Inderol)
11. Verapamil
12. Diltiazem (Cardizem)/Nifedipine (Adalat)/Amlopipine (Norvase)
13. Bretylium
14. Aminophylline and Theophylline
15. Hydralazine (Apresoline)
16. Prazosin (Minipress)
17. Isoxusprine
18. Dopamine
19. Dobutamine
20. Calcium
21. Atropine + Glycopyrrolate
22. Ferosemide (Lasix/Salix)
23. Doxapram (Dopram) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Beta-1 effects cause increase rate of SA node firing and AV node conduction. Positive chronotrope.
2. Increases strength of contraction (Positive inotropic)
3. Dilates coronary vessels to increase O2 supply to heart |
|
|
Term
| Special considerations regarding catecholamine drugs |
|
Definition
1. Store away from light or in brown bottle
2. Seal tightly. Easily oxidized in air. Watch exp date
3. Discard if soln shows any coloration |
|
|
Term
| Special considerations regarding use of epinephrine (EPI) |
|
Definition
1. 1:100 soln (1mL/100lbs) more common via Sq for anaphylaxis
2. 1:100 soln (1mL/10 lbs) more common via IV for cardiac arrest
3. Cardiac arrest justifies IV or IT/IC administration of EPI. Double IT dose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Beta effects only. Positive inotrope + chronotrope.
2. Used for bradycardia if atropine/glycopyrrolate dont work |
|
|
Term
| Digitalis glycosides (Digoxin, Digitoxin) |
|
Definition
Not used often. From foxglove family.
1. Increased Ca levels of myofibrin, causing positive inotropic effects. Slows heart, but move more blood.
2. Increased cardiac output, less chance of arrythmia
3. Negative chronotropic effect decreases conduction velocity through A-V nodes.
4. Come in tablets or elixir. Large T. index, safe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Avail. at 2% ointment, spray, tablets. Wear gloves
2. Vasodilator. Venous and arterial.
3. Useful in CHF, emergencies, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, ascitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ACE inhibitor.
1. Arterial and venous dilator, reduces peripheral resistance
2. Reduce aldersterone production to increase H20 and Na excretion, thus decreasing edema. Will make heart pump better
3. Treat mild hypertenion and CHF. Often 1st drug used in cases of heart disease. Improves quality of life and may increase survival time
4. Renal function must be reasonable, hypotension can occur
5. ACE inhibitors may decrease progression of renal disease by increasing GFR. May improve blood flow to kidney. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Main CHF drug. Less toxic. Side effects: Lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea. Safer than digoxin
2. Positive inotrope, balanced vasodilator. Increase cardiac output, use less O2 due to increase in arterial dilation. Mild chronotrope. Keep normal heart rhythm
3. Used for CHF due to cardiac myopathy or AV valve insufficiency.
4. Contraindicated in aortic stenosis (narrow) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (thick) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Double quarter pounder.
1. Quinidine (Cardioquin)
2. Procainamide (Procan, Pronestyl)
Anti-arrythmic drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lettuce, Tomato
1. Lidocaine
2. Tocainide
Anti-arrythmic drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class 1B drugs.
Use in ventricular tachyarrythmias. IV only. Slow heart in surgery
Horses: CRI, low dose for colic pain relief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Beta-blocker, prevents positive inotropic and chronitropic effects of catecholamines on heart
2. Avail. orally and IV
3. Use: artruak fibrilation and tachyarrythmias. Used with digoxin. Use in cats with hyperthyroidic cats
4. Side effects: bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstriction
5. Atenolol (Tenormin): B antagonist, slows heart. Hyperthyroid cats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreases cardiac output. Ca channel blocker. Negative inotropic efects |
|
|
Term
Diltiazem (Cardizem)
Nifedipine (Adalat)
Amlodipine (Norvase) |
|
Definition
Ca channel blocker. Less negative inotropic efects then other Ca blockers.
Amlodipine: Main ca channel bocker For systemic blood pressure. Systemic hypotension + blindless = renal failure in cats |
|
|
Term
| Aminophylline and Theophylline |
|
Definition
Short/long acting bronchodilator, weak vasodilator and diuretic
A = short acting
T - long acting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vasodilator, not used much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urethral antispasmotic for blocked cats. Unblock cat first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Old vasodilator. Little effect in horses with laminitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive inotrope, mild chronotrope
Vasodilator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive inotrope and mild chronotrope
Little change in blood pressure. Used in myocardial failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive inotrope: stimulate heart in arrest
-High doses toxic
-Decrease Ca may be beneficial to hypoxic myocardium |
|
|
Term
| Atropine and Glycopyrrolate |
|
Definition
| Treat bradycardia and AV block |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduces blood volume , blood pressure, edema, ascites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Old drug. Respiratory stimulant via stimulation of resp. center in CNS. Used in neonates, help speed up recovery
Modern use: used to test animals CNS center to see if they can breathe on their own. Inject, watch for breath
Short half-life, bad. |
|
|
Term
| What bronchodilator is used for cats with chronic bronchial disease? |
|
Definition
1. Terbutaline
2. Long acting form of theophylline |
|
|
Term
| What anti-inflammatory is used for cats with chronic bronchial disease? |
|
Definition
1. Prednisone: Will cause diabetes eventually
2. Depo-Medrol |
|
|
Term
| What bronchodilator is used for dogs with chronic bronchial disease? |
|
Definition
1. Albuterol
2. Terbutaline
3. Long acting form of theophylline |
|
|
Term
| What anti-inflammatory is used for dogs with chronic bronchial disease? |
|
Definition
1. Prednisone
2. Butorphanol (anti-tussive) |
|
|
Term
| Drugs used for non-responsive feline asthma |
|
Definition
1.Zafirlukast
2. Cyclosporine oral soln
3. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride |
|
|
Term
| Drug used for Equine COPD |
|
Definition
| 1. Clenbuterol (Ventipulmin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of drug which increases rate of fomration of urine.
Where Na goes, H2O will follow. Reabsorption conserves H2O in kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. H2O and osmotic diretics (water)
- Freely filtered at glomerulus.
- Limited tubular reabsorption
- Osmotically draw H2O into filtrate
2. Sugars: Agents that interfere with ionic transport in tubular cells, affecting Na+ and Cl- movement
3. Salts: Increasing salt consumption, increasing Na levels in ECF, kidneys excrete more Na -> H2O follows
4. Hypertonic saline used in shock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sugar diuretic. Crosses blood brain barrier but is not used by brain cells for energy. Used to reduce cerebral edema/swelling in brain trauma cases. |
|
|
Term
| Agents influencing ionic transport in tubular cells. |
|
Definition
1. Ethanol
2. Mercurials
3. Xanthines
4. Thiazides
5. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
6. Aldosterone antagonist
7. Loop of Henle diuretics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Absorbed from the stomach so hi blood levels are achieved
- Inhibits enzyme system inhibiting renal ionic transport |
|
|
Term
| Xanthines (theophylline, theobromine, caffeine, aminophylline, oxtriphylline) |
|
Definition
1. Cardiac function, increases renal blood flow, increases filtration rate.
2. Exerts a direct effect on the renal tubules, increasing renal ionic transport |
|
|
Term
| Which xanthine is NOT a diuretic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thiazides: Hydrochlorthiazide |
|
Definition
1. Prevents reabsorption of Na in exchange for K+.
2. Excessive K+ loss |
|
|
Term
| What thiazide is used to treat udder edema within 72 hrs in the cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
|
Definition
1. Used mostly to decrease IOP in glaucoma.
Can also use Actezolamide (Less NaCO3 in the eye). |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone antagonists: Spironolactone (Aldactone) |
|
Definition
Blocks reabsorption of Na in kidney tubules. Blocks K+ excretion.
Compliments ACE inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Loop of Henle Diuretics (furosemide, lasix) |
|
Definition
1. Blocks Cl- reabsorption in ascending loop of Henle. Na blocked. Hypokalemia can result, but rare.
2. Exert effect despite impaired renal function.
3. Used for pulmonary edema, ascites, hydrothorax (pathological accumulation of non-inflammatory fluid)
Most common directic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.L-carnitine
2. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe; Denosyl)
3. Marin (Silymarin/Siblin)
4. Ursodeoxycholic Acid (Ursodiol Actigall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. NH4Cl
2. Sodium acid phosphate (acidosis)
3. DL-Methionine - Methio (slightly acidic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to increase RBC production, PCV, hemoglobin values
Comes in many preparations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cu + CO: oral
2. Vitamins: B12, pyridoxine (B6), folic acid
3. Androgens, anabolic steroids (RBC prod)
4. Corticosteroids: RBC survival time
5. Human erythropoietin: SQ, antibodies can form, becareful
6. Neopogen: WBC stimulant |
|
|
Term
| Why must we be careful using Human erythropoietin? |
|
Definition
Body can develop antibodies against it, causing natural eyrthropoietin to be destroyed
Permanent anemia
Useful for cases of chronic renal disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uncontrolled discharges of neurons that may be caused by imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter acitivty which may influence depolarization threshold
Varys by individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Partial seizure
- Focal
-Complex focal
2. Generalized seizure
- Gen. absense
- Gen. Tonic-clonic
- Status epilepticus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single muscle group. Simple partial, atonic (drop attack) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Confused behavior, may lose consciousness. Not as common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brief, abrupt, loss of consciousness, blanking out |
|
|
Term
| Gen. Tonic-clonic seizure |
|
Definition
| Spasms, jerking, loss of bladder/bowel control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid succession of spasms |
|
|
Term
| Causes of seizures (extracranial) |
|
Definition
1. Hypoglycemia: insulin, insulinoma, DM
2. Hypoxia
3. Liver/kidney disease
4. Hypocalcemia (eclampsia)
5. Allergies
6. Hyperthermia: heart stroke |
|
|
Term
| Causes of seizures (intercranial) |
|
Definition
1. Inflammation: distemper, rabies, FIP, etc
2. Neoplasia
3. Congenital deformation-hydrocephalus
4. Trauma
5. Toxins: salt poisoning, chocolate, ivermectin, antifreeze, etc
6. Vascular: stroke, blood clot, rupture
7. B1 (thiamine) deficiency
8. Aberrant parasite migration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Onset at 1-3 years of age
2. Occur at regular intervals, keep track
3. GSD, Malamute, husky, beagle, doxie, chi, poodle, any breed |
|
|
Term
| Old dog encephalitis/ Cryptogenic epilepsy |
|
Definition
Seizures occuring in old dogs.
Look for brain tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Diazepam, clonazepam, midazolam, lorazepam
2. Phenobarbital
3. Primidone
4. Bromides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Propofol, pentobarbital, phenobarbital
2. Pancuronium (Pavulon, Organon)
3. Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
4. Dentrolene |
|
|
Term
| Diazepam, clonazepam, midazolam, lorezepam (C-IV) |
|
Definition
1. Used IV in effect to acute or refractory seizures, used IT in ER due to solubility, can be used IR
2. muscle relaxant
3. Safe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Raises seizure threshold
2. Sedation occurs, but tolerance develops due to enzyme induction
3. Drug of choice for dogs/cats
4. Easily monitor blood levels of drug for 2 weeks
5. Check liver/kidney function at 6 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NOT USED IN CATS
1. Partially metabolized to phenobarbital, rest is a metabolite
2. Sedation occurs but tolerance develops
3. Side effects: PU/PD, ataxia
4. Not controlled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. KBr or NaBr: reqs compounding
2. Used in refractory cases. KBr used with other drugs |
|
|
Term
| Propofol, pentobarbital, phenobarbital |
|
Definition
| 1. Used IV as a bolus or CRI with refractory sezirues. Gas anes. can also be used |
|
|
Term
| Pancuronium (Pavulon, Organon) |
|
Definition
1. Neuromuscular blocking agent binding cholinergic receptors.
2. Relaxes muscles. Can be used for metadehyde or strychine poisining. Lasts 30-60 min to control toxicity-caused seizures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Acts at spinal cord to diminish skeletal muscle hyperactivity
2. Used in strychnine poisoning or back spasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Skeletal muscle relaxant that decreases Ca in sarcoplasmic reticulum.
2. Relaxes external urethal sphincter used in malignant hyperthermia (anethesia, genetic basis) |
|
|
Term
| Therapy principles to consider in epilepsy |
|
Definition
1. Specific diagnosis important (Extracranial), may not need therapy if sizures arent frequent enough
2. Began @ low dose, be consistent on medication, check phenobarbital levels (Br levels, may indicate absorption problem)
3. Combination of drugs used in difficult cases
4. Animals 5 years or older that begin to siezure are most likely NOT epileptic: look for other causes, like brain tumor
5. No acepromazine or other related drugs, alpha-2's to seizuring animals! Will lower seizure threshold. True for abcd-1 gene mutated animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits voltage-gated Ca channels. Increase GABA levels
Liver dependent.
Side effects: sedation, ataxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits voltage-gated Ca channels. Increase GABA levels. Used in diabetic patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Levothyroxine (Soloxine and Thyro-tabs)
2. Methimazole (Tapazol, Felimazol)
3. Insulin
4. Oral hypoglycemic agents
5. Oral hyperglycemic agents
6. Drugs used to treat Diab. insipidis.
7. Minieralcorticoids for Addisons
8. Mitotane (Lysodren, OP, DDD) for cushings
9. Anabolic steroids
10. Estrogens
11. Progesterone and Progestins
12. Prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2a)
13. Oxytocin
14. Other drugs/hormones/misc |
|
|
Term
| Levothyroxine (Soloxine and Thyro-tabs) |
|
Definition
1. Dog. drug. Synthetic thyroxine for hypothyroidism
2. Stimulates metabolism
3. Avail as 0.1-0.8mg, smaller concentration than human
4.Liothyronine (Cytobin), synthetic TH3 in some cases of hypothyroidism (tid) if animal isnt responding to syn. thyroxine |
|
|
Term
| Methiamazole (Tapazol, Felinazol) |
|
Definition
1.Cat drug. Prevents thyroxine synthesis. Control hyperthyroidism
2. Primary treatment as pre-treatment before surgery or radiation therapy
3. Hyperthyroid cats may be given B-blockers to slow the heart (propranolol, atenolol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ROLL IT, dont shake it because Zn comes off.
1. Divided into short, intermediate, long acting preparations
2. Refridgerate and mixed gently. Use caution with diluted insulin. Not as stable. 30 d shelf life.
3. |
|
|
Term
| Short acting insulin: Regular insulin |
|
Definition
Duration: 6-8 hrs.
Can be given IV in emergencies |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate insulin: NPH and Lente (dog) |
|
Definition
Duration: 12-24 hrs.
NPH and Lente/vetsulin. Dog insulin x2 day |
|
|
Term
| Long acting insulin: Pzi and Ultralente (cats) |
|
Definition
Duration: 24-36 hrs
PZI and Ultralente. Cat insulin x2 day |
|
|
Term
| Oral hypoglycemic agents (Diabetic pills) |
|
Definition
1. Glipizide (Glucotrol) and Chlorpropramide
2. Metformin (Glucophage) |
|
|
Term
| Glipizide (Glucotrol) and Chlorpropramide |
|
Definition
Increased insulin secretion. 50% effective in some type II (NIDDM) cats
Not useful in type I (IDDM).
Chlorpropramide potentiates action of ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased glucose formation by liver and SI to make insulin work better. Very bitter. Used in horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits insulin release.
Treats hypoglycemia due to insulinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of pituitary or lack of response (nephrogenic) to ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Vasopressin (Pitressin)
2. Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)
3. Chlorpropramide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DI Test
ADH injectable. Acts on collecting ducts of kidney to increase reabsorption of water. |
|
|
Term
| Demopressin acetate (DDAVP) |
|
Definition
Injection or nasal eye solution. Similar to ADH.
Central (pituitary) DI
Use in release of intracellular VwF before surgery in Von Willebrands patients to prevent bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoadrenocorticism/Addisons drugs |
|
Definition
1. Fludrocortisone
2. Desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP, Percorten-V) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both mineral and glucocorticoid activity. Used to treat |
|
|
Term
| Desoxycorticosterone pivalate |
|
Definition
| Injectable. Need to supplement prednisone. |
|
|
Term
| Hyperadrenocorticism/Cushings drugs |
|
Definition
1. Mitotane (Lysodren, OP, DDD)
2. Ketaconazole and Anipryl (deprenyl)
3. Trilostane (Vetoryl) |
|
|
Term
| Mitotane (Lysodren, OP, DDD) |
|
Definition
Treat Cushings disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
Decreases cortisol production by selective necrosis of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone secretion is maintained.
Monitor therapy, irreverisble damage to adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease cortisol. Drug of choice for cushings |
|
|
Term
| Types of anabolic steroids (C-III) |
|
Definition
1. Winstrol-V (stanozolol)
2. Boldenone (Equipose), Nandrolone (Deca-Durabolin),and testosterone
3. Mibolerone
4. Zeranol (Ralgro) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Injectable and tablets. Used to increase vitality in dogs, cats, and horses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits Lh release to prevent ovulation and estrus in dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cattle and sheep implants used to increase feed efficiency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
2. Estradiol cypionate (ECP)
3. Compudose and Synovex
4. Incurin (Estriol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthetic estrogen. Illegal in food animals.
Treats estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence of dogs/cats, some forms of alopecia. Req's compounding |
|
|
Term
| Estradiol cypionate (ECP) |
|
Definition
Injectable for pyometra or correcting anestrus.
Causes uterine contractions to expel pus or placenta in cattle.
Side effects: pyometra and aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urinary incontinence drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promotes weight gain and feed efficiency |
|
|
Term
| Progesterone and Progestins |
|
Definition
1. Ovaban (megestrol acetate,magace)
2. Methoxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera)
3. Melengesterol acetate (MGA)
4. Altrenogest (Regu-mate) |
|
|
Term
| Ovaban (megestrol acetate, megace) |
|
Definition
1. Posponement of estrus in dogs. Potent anti-inflammatory used for itching and diarrhea. Behavior modification.
Side effects: DM, pyometra, immune suppression |
|
|
Term
| Methoxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) |
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Definition
Long acting injection of progesterone. Anti-pruritic and behavioral modifcation.
Side effects: DM, pyometra, immune suppression |
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Term
| Melengesterol acetate (MGA) |
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Definition
| Feed additive in cattle to increase growth. Suppresses estrus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppresses and synchronizes estrus. Maintains pregnancy in horses and llamas. Wear gloves when handling |
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Term
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Definition
1. Causes vasoconstriction
2. Causes functional corpus luteum regression so can be used as an estrus synchronizer
3. Can terminate pregnancy or induce parturition. Pyometra treatment in dogs/cats
4. Absorbed thru skin, can cause abortions in humans. Careful! Metabolized thru lung. Cant prove if drug was given. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to decrease IOP with glaucoma |
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Term
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Definition
1. Stimulates uterine contractions and accelerates milk let down
2. Keep in fridge. Used IV, IM, SW
3. Concurrently give with dextrose + Ca (tums tab) to give energy to allow contractions to occur. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
| : release FSH and cause LH surge to start ovulation |
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Term
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (EcG) |
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Definition
| LH-like effects to induce ovultation. Stimulates stallions to descend their testicles |
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Term
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Definition
Inject in 3-10 mo puppies.
Atrophy in about a month. Not used due to scrotal inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
Sq implant for ferrets (jills)
Decrease pit. hormones for adrenal disease
Signs: hair loss, PU/PD, anemia
Rat tumors: off label |
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Term
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Definition
1. Apomorphone
2. Xylazine
3. Hydrogen pereoxide
4. Syrup of Ipecac |
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Term
| When should emesis be induced? |
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Definition
| 2-4 hrs after ingestion of poison (if non-caustic) |
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Term
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Definition
Reliable emetic. Give by Injection or topically in the conjunctiva.
Can be rinsed out of eye after vomiting occurs. Reversible with Naloxone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fairly reliable emetic for cats. Reversed with Yohimbine and Tolazine |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1-2 tsps per 10 lb. Repeast every 10 min until vomit occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
High doses can cause cardiotoxicity.
Extract of Ipecac 10x potent. No good |
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Term
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Definition
1. Kaolin-Pectin (Kapectate)
2. Pepto-Bismol
3. Diarsanyl (montmorrilonite)
4. Barium sulfate
5. Amphojel and Alternagel
6. Epikitin |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxins are physically bound to an unabsorbable substance. Given afte emesis or whenever toxic ingestion has occured |
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Term
| Kaolin-Pectin (Kaopectate) |
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Definition
Intestinal protectant, soothes GI tract and lessens diarrhea.
New type has salicylate in it, use caution in cats |
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Term
|
Definition
Similar to Kaolin-Pectin. Antiinflammatory. use caution in cats
1cc per 10 lb |
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Term
| Diarsanyl (Montmorrilonite) |
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Definition
| Use in foals with diarrhea and is made from volcanic ash/clay. Binds to toxins, viruses, free radicals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used for contrast studies and can bind toxins to soothe GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Antacid (ALOH). Binds P in cases of renal disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Shrimp + crab shells. P binder |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mineral oil
2. DSS (surfak)
3. Metamucil (psyllium, glycerin)
4. Cascara Sagrada
5. Phosphate enemias |
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Term
|
Definition
Indigestible lubricant. Inhibits fat soluble vitamins.
Used in colic and indigestion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreases surface tension. |
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Term
| Metamucil (psyllium) and glycerin |
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Definition
| Mild cathertics. Hold H2O in GI, wet stools |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Toxic to cats and small dogs. Replace phosphate with soapy water |
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Term
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Definition
1. D-Penicillamine (Cuprimine)
2. Dimercaprol (BAL, British Anti-Lewisite)
3. EDTA |
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Term
| D-Penicillamine (Cuprimine) |
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Definition
| Chelates lead, arsenic, zinc, and copper. Used in copper storage disease |
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Term
| Dimercaprol (BAL, British Anti-Lewisite) |
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Definition
| Chelates lead, copper, bismuth, aresnic, zinc, mercury |
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Term
| EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid) |
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Definition
| Anti-coagulant. Chelates led and Ca |
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Term
| Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning |
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Definition
Low toxic doses. Must treat within few hrs
20% ethanol, fluids, activated charcoal, furosemide used for treatment.
Make 20% ethanol by adding 210 mL of gr alcohol to 800 mL of D5W. Give IV every 5 hrs for 5 treatments, taper off. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Given IV. Tapering dose over 36 hrs. NO CATS |
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Term
| Most common anticoagulant rodenticides |
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Definition
Warfarin, Bromadiolone, Diphacinone, Brodifacoum.
Interes with enzye that converts Vit K -> to useable form. Inhibits clotting factos 2,7,9, and 10. Warfarin used as a blood thinner to help prevent thrombi
Clinical signs: anemia, melena, epistaxis, bruising, bleeding gums and dyspnea. Treat with fluids, blood transfusions, vitamin K1
ACT, PT, APTT are increased. Platelet count normal. |
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Term
|
Definition
Some rodenticides cause organ failure due to hypercalcemia.
Treatment: Lasix, salmon calcitonin. Poor prognosis |
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Term
| Acetaminophen/aspirin toxicity |
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Definition
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) primarily used. Increases the amt of glutathione in liver to increase metabolism of acetaminophen. Used to break up mucus in resp. infections and KCS.
Clinical signs: hypersalivation, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, tachycardia, tachypenia, chocolate brown blood and mucus membranes
Heinz body anemia in cats, liver failur in dogs |
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Term
| Toxins that often result in seizures |
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Definition
OPs, carbamates, pyrethrins, diazepam, barbiturate to control seizures
Use atropine in both OP and carbamate toxicity. 2PAM in OP poisoning only!
Metaldehyde (snail bait): Prolonged tremors or seizures seen. Use diazepam, barbituates, pancuronium, methocarbamol or inhalation anes. to control.
Methylxanthine (chocolate/caffeiene/theobromine poinsoning): Use diazepam, barbituates to control seizures. Fluids and b-blockers to slow the heart. |
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Term
|
Definition
Asymptomatic, induce emesis if recent. Oil more potent.
Administer activated charcoal and saline cathartic, repeat. Can use milk of Magnesia.
Supportive therapy, fluids, O2 therapy, diazepam |
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