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Volume 1
Aircraft Systems
347
Other
Professional
07/27/2011
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Term
Define Great circle.
 Definition
A great circle is formed on the surface of the Earth by any plane that passes through the center of the Earth and divedes the Earth into two equal parts.
Term
Define Equator.
 Definition
A great circle perpendicular to the polar axis and located an equal distance from the poles.
Term
Define Parallels of Latitude.
 Definition
Parallels are circles of varying sizes that run lateraly around the Earth. They are assigned values from 90 degrees north to 90 degrees south, with the equ8ator being 0 degrees.
Term
Define Meridians of Longitude.
 Definition
A meridian of longitude is one-half of a great circle located between the poles.
Term
Define Geographic coordinate position.
 Definition
This is an Earth location given in north-south latitudecoordinates followed by east-west longitude coordinates.
Term
Difference between direction and distance.
 Definition
Direction is the position of one point in space in relation to another, while distance is the amount of space separating two points.
Term
Difference between true and relative bearings.
 Definition
The clockwise angle between true north and the direction of the aircraft is a true bearing; the clockwise angle between aircraft heading and an object is a relative bearing.
Term
Diference between minutes along parallels and meridians.
 Definition
One minute of anrc along any meridian equals approximately 1 nm (6,076 ft); the equator is the only parallel of latitude where one minute of arc equals 1 nm.
Term
What two unrelated factors determine the path of an aircraft over the Earth?
 Definition
The motion of the aircraft through the air mass and the motion of the air mass across the Earth's surface.
Term
Define Drift
 Definition
The sideward displacement of an aircraft caused by the wind.
Term
Explain the function of drift (angle) correction.
 Definition
Drift correction adjusts the aircraft's true heading into the wind by an angle that causes the aircraft to make good its true course.
Term
Name two components for each of the wind trangle vectors WIND
 Definition
Wind direction and speed.
Term
Name two components for each of the wind trangle vectors AIR
 Definition
True heading and true airspeed.
Term
Name two components for each of the wind trangle vectors GROUND
 Definition
Track and ground speed.
Term
What is a vector diagram?
 Definition
A graphic representation of a wind traingle shows the effect of wind on the flight of an aircraft.
Term
Distinguish between variation and deviation in navigation and explain what causes each.
 Definition
The angle between true north and the direction indicated by the needle of a compass influenced only by the Earth's magnetic field is termed variation. Deviation is caused by the distribution of magnetic forces within the aircraft itself (both structural and electrical).
Term
What is the basic operating principle of VOR?
 Definition
Phase comparison between th e30 Hz reference and the 30 Hz variable to dtermine bearing to the VOR station.
Term
How does the ground station prevent interference between the 30 Hz reference and the 30 Hz variable signals?
 Definition
The 30 Hz reference is transmitted on a 9960 Hz FM subcarrier.
Term
Amplitutde comparison of 90 Hz and 150 Hz signals.
 Definition
LOC AND GS
Term
Keyed to emit a continuous Morse code sequence of dots.
 Definition
Inner MB
Term
Located 3,500 feet from end of runway.
 Definition
Middle MB
Term
Determines angle of descent.
 Definition
GS
Term
Transmits a three-letter coded designator.
 Definition
LOC
Term
Determines angle of descent.
 Definition
GS
Term
400 Hz modulated signal.
 Definition
Outer MB
Term
Transmits a UHF carrier.
 Definition
GS
Term
Transmits a VHF carrier.
 Definition
LOC
Term
What information does the RMI display?
 Definition
Aircraft magnetic heading and the magnetic bearing to the VOR ground station.
Term
When the VOR signal is unreliable, what shows on the HSI?
 Definition
The HSI NAV flag and the bearing pointer parked at the 4 o'clock (3 o'clock using ARN-147 system).
Term
Where does the ARN-147 system park the HSI bearing pointer in ILS mode?
 Definition
A the 3 o'clock position.
Term
In ILS mode, how much course error is represented b y the second deviation dot on the HSI?
 Definition
2.50 degress.
Term
How does the ADI indicate a 0.6 degree GS error?
 Definition
The GS displacement pointer will be positioned next to the second deviation dot.
Term
Which aircraft system drives the ADI pitch and bank steering bars?
 Definition
FDC.
Term
A fully equipped MLS runway has how many transmitters? What are their functions?
 Definition
Four signal transmitters. Two of the transmitters provide MLS azimuth functions; one of the remaining transmitters provides the elevation signal and the other provides DME information.
Term
What are the MLS operating frequencies?
 Definition
5.03-5.09 GHz
Term
Why are the MLS operating frequencies in the microwave range?
 Definition
To reduce sensitivity to the interfering signals and site topography.
Term
How many MLSs are installed on the aircraft?
 Definition
Two.
Term
What are the main components of an aircraft MLS?
 Definition
Receivers, antennas, splitters, IDCU, data bus coupler, and FDMS.
Term
What type of information does a TACAN provide to a plilot?
 Definition
Bearing and distance information.
Term
How does the TACAN confirm a ground station's identification?
 Definition
By using an audio conformation signal (three-letter Morse code audio tone).
Term
What is the operating frequency range of a TACAN system?
 Definition
Ultrahigh frequency (UHF) range.
Term
How is range information obtained?
 Definition
By measuring time interval between signals.
Term
Where are the antennas located on an F-16, and what do they provide?
 Definition
One on the top and one on the bottom of the fuselage: omnidirectional coverage.
Term
What happens to the vertical and horizontal components of the Earth's magnetic field as you approach the poles?
 Definition
The vertical component increases in magnitude, while the horizontal component decreases.
Term
What is magnetic variation?
 Definition
The error caused by true north and magnetic north not being the same.
Term
why does a change of latitude cause an error in the MAD?
 Definition
The horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field becomes too weak in the high altitudes.
Term
How does altitude affect the MAD ouput?
 Definition
The horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field weakens at high altitudes.
Term
What factors affect the magnitude of the coriolis signal?
 Definition
Aircraft speed, aircraft heading, rotation of the Earth, and geographic latitude.
Term
What error is caused by residual magnetism in the aircraft?
 Definition
Hard iron or one-cycle error.
Term
What error is caused by a misalignment of the MAD during installation?
 Definition
Index error.
Term
What causes transmission error?
 Definition
A electrical unbalance (voltage or impedance) in the MAD or any of the synchros that make up the compass system.
Term
Name three frames of reference that can be used in an INS.
 Definition
Earth, space, and grid.
Term
Briefly explain how an INS accounts for the aircraft's present position.
 Definition
The system moves one space reference at an Earth rate and another vehicle rate; the resultant is the aircraft position.
Term
INS platform
 Definition
Motion.
Term
INS integrators
 Definition
Distance, Velocity.
Term
INS computer
 Definition
Position (acft).
Term
Name four types of sensors that may be used as data-gathering devices in an integrated navigational system.
 Definition
Inertial, radar, astrotracker (celestial), and radio.
Term
What type of information does a basic GPS provide?
 Definition
Accurate navigation aiding data (position, velocity, and time) to suitably equipped platforms.
Term
Where are GPS satellites placed?
 Definition
In 12-hour orbits spread over several orbital planes to provides worldwide navigation coverage.
Term
What does the NAVSTAR GPS require at power turn-on to achieve optimum operation?
 Definition
Three data sets-GPS almanac data, GPS initialization data (latitude, longitude, altitude, speed heading, time, and date), and GPS crypto-variable (keys).
Term
What is the purpose of the Kalman filter in the EGI system?
 Definition
It models errors in velocity, position, and calibration to provide enhanced alignment and in-flight performance.
Term
What is the altitude range of the CARA system?
 Definition
Zero to 50,000 Feet
Term
What is the transmitter swept CW frequency range?
 Definition
4.25-4.35 GHz.
Term
What warns the pilot if the aircraft flies below the VALI setting?
 Definition
The low-altitude warning light comes on.
Term
What altitude is indicated on the digital display when self- test is activated using the SET knob?
 Definition
300(+-10 feet).
Term
Where is the receiver local oscillator frequency developed?
 Definition
Transmitter section.
Term
Which two signals are used to develop the IF frequency?
 Definition
Current transmitter frequency.
Received RF signal from the terrain.
Term
What do the altitude tracking circuits use the lower sideband frequencies for?
 Definition
To calculate absolute altitude and determine which segment the system will operate in.
Term
If it takes the transmit signal 20 microseconds to travel to the terrain and back, what IF frequency is produced in segment one?
 Definition
20x126.4 KHz = 2.528 MHz
Term
How many different altitudes can an IF frequency of 395 kHz represent?
 Definition
Seven.
Term
What are the upper and lower boundary limits of segment six?
 Definition
533 KHz; 266 KHz
Term
What causes noise?
 Definition
Random or unintentional electron movement.
Term
what does sensitivity refer to?
 Definition
A receiver's ability to pick up weak signals.
Term
What do we mean when we say that a receiver has good stability?
 Definition
Its signal will stay tuned to one channel without "drifting."
Term
What is selectivity?
 Definition
A receiver's ability to block all frequencies except those selected.
Term
What supplies a radio's power output?
 Definition
The transmitter.
Term
What is linearity?
 Definition
Any porportional change or deviation of a straight-line response to an input.
Term
What do you call an amplfier's output not accurately following its input?
 Definition
Distortion.
Term
What do you call the total opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of AC?
 Definition
Impedance.
Term
When does the maximum power transfer occur between two circuits?
 Definition
When the circuit impedances match.
Term
What happens if you use a 75 ohm feed line to connect 50 ohm transmitter output to a 50 ohm antenna?
 Definition
Standing waves (reflected energy) build between the transmitter and the antenna.
Term
What do you call the ability of radio circuits to mantain the original signals characteristics?
 Definition
Coupling stability.
Term
The heterodyne process converts the incoming RF signal into what frequency?
 Definition
A fixed intermediate frequency called IF.
Term
How many output frequencies does the frequency conversion process create?
 Definition
Four.
Term
What are two types of circuits used for creating an IF?
 Definition
Mixer and converter.
Term
What is the process called of imposing information onto a carrier RF signal by varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier wave?
 Definition
Modulation.
Term
What are the three basic types of modulation used in radios?
 Definition
Amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM).
Term
What's the meaning of the term demodulation?
 Definition
To reproduce the exact signal that was originally imposed on the carrier wave.
Term
What are the three important characteristics of a detector?
 Definition
Sensitivity, selectivity, and linearity.
Term
What type of modulation does the UHF system use?
 Definition
Amplitude modulation.
Term
How many channels can be preset into the radio set?
 Definition
20.
Term
How many channels does the UHF system have?
 Definition
7,000 channels.
Term
Name the five major sections of the UHF transceiver.
 Definition
Switching unit. Synthesizer/ECCM assembly (HQ). Guard receiver. Main receiver. Transmitter.
Term
What are the three subassemblies of the transmitter?
 Definition
Modulator. RF power amplifier. Power supply.
Term
How many digits are available on the channel frequency indications display?
 Definition
Five digits.
Term
How many antenna elements are contained in each UHF antenna, and what are they used for?
 Definition
Two elements; one ofr the UHF radio and one for the IFF transponder.
Term
What antenna select mode provides automatic cycling between the upper and lower UHF antennas?
 Definition
NORM mode.
Term
What are the four requirements for the HQ UHF radios to communicate with the frequency-hopping capability?
 Definition
Synchronized precision clocks. Programmable frequency switching patterns. Common frequency hop rates. Selectrive active network systems.
Term
What capability is added when using a Have quick II radio?
 Definition
Multiple word day.
Term
What is the purpose of the KY-58?
 Definition
Provides for secure speech capabilities by coding and decoding UHF audio.
Term
What VHF mode is the only one that is extensively used mode?
 Definition
The air-to-ground mode.
Term
What is the frequency range of the VHF AM communication?
 Definition
116.000 to 151.975 MHz
Term
What is the frequency range of the emergency FM communication?
 Definition
38.000 to 43.000 MHz
Term
How many channels does the 116-151.975 MHz frequency range have?
 Definition
1,440 channels AM
Term
How many channels does the 30-87.975 MHz range have?
 Definition
2,320 channels FM
Term
Describe the preset channel capability.
 Definition
Twenty reprogrammable channels and two emergency channels. Each can be programmed for AM or FM.
Term
What frequency bands are available for the emergency channels?
 Definition
38-43 MHz for FM and 119-124 MHz for AM.
Term
What effect does the selection of an emergency channel have on the secure speech capability?
 Definition
Secure speech is disabled and normal voice communications is enabled.
Term
An input of 25 MHz to the IF receiver indicates what mode?
 Definition
Am mode.
Term
What type of radio wave is most imporant for HF radio?
 Definition
Sky waves.
Term
List the three factors that affect refraction of electromagnetic waves.
 Definition
The frequency of the wave. The angle by which the wave meets the ionosphere. The degree of ionization of the ionosphere.
Term
To what is the amount of refraction directly proportional?
 Definition
Wavelength.
Term
With each refraction, is power lost or gained?
 Definition
Lost.
Term
What is the primary cause of atmospheric ionization?
 Definition
Sum.
Term
What is the basic purpose of HF radios?
 Definition
To provide long-range communication.
Term
In reference to power, what is the difference between HF and UHF radios?
 Definition
HF radios require a great deal more transmitter power.
Term
What is the difference between normal AM and AME?
 Definition
AME consists of the carrier and only one sideband.
Term
Why is an antenna coupler required in an HF system?
 Definition
To match the impedance of the antenna to the selected frequency.
Term
Describe the channels of the ARC-190 systems.
 Definition
280,000 channels spaced 100 Hz apart in the HF band of 2.0000-29.9999 MHz.
Term
What are the major components of the ARC-190 radio system?
 Definition
The R/T, control box, antenna coupler, R/T mount, and coupler mount.
Term
How does the ARC-190 generate the frequencies needed?
 Definition
They are derived from a temperature-compensated oscillator.
Term
What does the control box provide?
 Definition
Selection and indication of preset channels, frequency, mode, volume, and squelch for the system.
Term
How many channels are available in the HF radio set?
 Definition
280,000 channels.
Term
What is the function of the LOAD switch?
 Definition
This is a momentary-action push-button switchm, which causes preset information to be loaded into memory.
Term
What is the CONTL FAULT indicatior?
 Definition
An indicator light that lights up when the R/T BITE circuitry determines the control to be the source of a problem; also indicates certain shorts between the headsets.
Term
Why is the tuner section of the antenna coupler pressurized?
 Definition
To prevent high-voltage arcing at high altitudes, provide a uniform cooling medium, and prevent the entry of corrosive elements.
Term
When does the R/T's external blower come on?
 Definition
When the R/T is keyed and for bout a minute after it is unkeyed.
Term
What is the HF radio operating power and where does it come from?
 Definition
115 VAC, 400 Hz, 3-phase; aircraft power.
Term
Describe the general signal path for a receive operation.
 Definition
After initial tuning, the radio is ready to receive a signal. The signal arrives at the antenna at the antenna and gets routed to the coupler. After passing through the RF tuner and discriminator modules in the coupler, the RF signal goes the the 1A2 receiver-exciter module. The receiver-exciter module uses two balanced mixers (dual conversion) to convert the signal to a 97.8 MHz IF, and then to a 1.8 MHz IF. After some amplification, the audio exits the R/T to be routed by the intercom to the operator's headsets. The received signal is in the form of voice, tone, or datea, depending on which mode is used.
Term
Describe the general signal path for a transmit operation.
 Definition
XMT Voice or XMT Data from the intercom system enters the receiver-exciter module where it is amplified and sent to a balanced modulator. There are four stages of amplification, producing a total of 46 dB gain. To get good transmissions, the impedance match between the antenna coupler and R/T must be precise. To achieve this, you must first key the transmitter briefly to get tuning started. This causes the R/T to transmit a reduced-power signal of approximately 100 watts, which is applied to the antenna coupler for tuning. Once in the coupler, the signal goes through a discriminator and filet and sampling network designed to eliminate harmonics. The antenna coupler finally sends it to the antenna to be radiated.
Term
What three purposes does the intercommunications system provide?
 Definition
1. Provides crew-tocrew- communications.
2. Provides the ability to select, key, and modulate radio R/Ts.
3. Provides the means to monitor received audio signals from radio and navigational system receivers.
Term
Define INTERPHONE
 Definition
A method of intercommunication requiring a PTT switch.
Term
Define HOT-MIC
 Definition
A method of crew-to-crew communication not requiring a push of a button to activate the MIC. It works in a "hands-free" fashion.
Term
Define CALL
 Definition
A method of intercommunication used in an emergency. It requires a PTT switch and the audio is amplified.
Term
Define chassis ground
 Definition
It's connected to the aircraft chassis/frame. It is used in aircraft wiring to prevent shock hazards by providing the same ground potential for all LRUs. All other grounds (battery and audio common) ultimately connect to the aircraft at the chassis ground.
Term
Define battery ground
 Definition
Or system ground completes the path for current flow back to the power source. All battery grounds connect to the aircraft chassis at the chassis ground.
Term
Define audio ground.
 Definition
Also known as audio common and is the return line for all audio voltages. It's connected to aircraft (chassis) ground at one distinct point, and all audio return lines are connected to this point. Audio common is used for noise reduction.
Term
What part of the intercommunication set control would the operator use to select, key, and modulate any one of six different radios?
 Definition
The rotary select switch.
Term
What is the purpose of the CALL switch?
 Definition
Used for emergency or high-priority communications between crew members.
Term
What two switches are required to activate HOT-MIC transmit and receive?
 Definition
1. HOT-MIC TALK.
2. HOT-MIC LISTEN.
Term
What switches enable crew members to individually monitor and adjust the audio level of eight different inputs?
 Definition
Monitor switches.
Term
Keying the MIC involves what action by the crew member?
 Definition
Placing the PTT switch into transmit mode of operation using the one- or two-button mode of operation.
Term
What three lines are routed by the rotary select switch of the intercommunication set control?
 Definition
1. Control.
2. MIC audio.
3. Receiver audio.
Term
Why is the passive satellite not as effective as the active?
 Definition
Passive satellites do not have any means for amplifying weak signals.
Term
Explain the movement of the geosynchronous satellite.
 Definition
Geosynchronous satellites move at the same velocity as a specific point on the Earth.
Term
What is the power range of satellites generally used in AFSATCOM systems?
 Definition
200-2,000 watts.
Term
Why is satellite communications used for most critical communications needs?
 Definition
Because its reliable,k invulnerable, secure, and flexible communications.
Term
How many narrow-band channels are available in the Type 1 terminal?
 Definition
35,000
Term
What is the output power for the Type 1 terminal?
 Definition
100 watts
Term
WHAT GROUP? Dual modem
 Definition
R/T GROUP
Term
WHAT GROUP? Teleprinter
 Definition
I/O GROUP
Term
WHAT GROUP? LOS transceiver, Control indicator
 Definition
R/T GROUP, I/O GROUP
Term
WHAT GROUP? Antenna
 Definition
RF GROUP
Term
WHAT GROUP? Radio set control
 Definition
R/T GROUP
Term
WHAT GROUP? SATCOM control
 Definition
R/T GROUP
Term
What major component is used to prepare and send messages?
 Definition
C-10080/A keyboard.
Term
What is the term used to describe automated channel sharing?
 Definition
Multiplexing.
Term
How are satellite channels allocated?
 Definition
On the basis of current needs and priorities.
Term
What is the definition of CDMA?
 Definition
A method of supporting multiple users over a single channel by precoordinating the unique frequency each transmitter and associated receiver will use.
Term
What is the definition of TDMA?
 Definition
A method of supporting multiple users over a single channel by precoordinating the time period each user will be given to transmit on the channel.
Term
What is the term used when two terminals attempt to transmit at the same time and interfere with each other?
 Definition
Contention.
Term
What is the definition of ranging?
 Definition
The process where the terminal determines its distance to the satellite.
Term
True for AIR-TO-GROUND IFF? The IFF equipment is tied with radar equipment.
 Definition
YES
Term
True for AIR-TO-GROUND IFF? The IFF indicator is identical to the radar indicator?
 Definition
NO
Term
True for AIR-TO-GROUND IFF? The two transmissions from the ground are the IFF interrogation pulse and the radar pulse.
 Definition
YES
Term
True for AIR-TO-GROUND IFF? If the code is incorrect, only the radar echo appears on the radar scope.
 Definition
YES
Term
True for AIR-TO-GROUND IFF? The ground IFF transmission follows the ground radar transmission by 2 microseconds.
 Definition
NO
Term
True for AIR-TO-GROUND IFF? The airborne IFF equipment replies to a coded ground interrogation signal.
 Definition
YES
Term
True for AIR-TO-GROUND IFF? IFF equipment provides azimuth, range, and identification information.
 Definition
NO
Term
What item of equipment must be added to an IFF system to obtain SIF capabilities?
 Definition
Adding an antenna on top of the radar antenna.
Term
Besides determining azimuth and aircraft identification, what additional information does SIF equipment provide?
 Definition
Altitude
Term
Define the abbreviation AIMS.
 Definition
Air traffic control radar beacon system, IFF, Mark XII System.
Term
What are the basic series of operations of the IFF transponder?
 Definition
It receives RF interrogations from two antennas, decodes the interrogations into the proper mode, encodes the selected reply, and transmits the coded RF reply.
Term
What IFF mode uses side-lobe suppression pulses?
 Definition
Mode 4.
Term
What are considered the normal IFF interrogation pulses?
 Definition
Two pulses, each approximately 0.8 microseconds wide.
Term
Where are the information pulses located in a normal reply?
 Definition
Between the framing pulses.
Term
What are the special replies?
 Definition
Identificatino of position and emergency.
Term
Name the four modes of operation of the IFF transponder.
 Definition
Standby, normal, low, and emergency.
Term
What does the audio output indicate?
 Definition
The transponder is being interrogated in Mode 4.
Term
What is the function of the Mode 4 monitor switch?
 Definition
Controls the REPLY light indications and Mode 4 audio monitoring.
Term
What IFF mode permits a special code to be transmitted for aircraft identification?
 Definition
IDENT position.
Term
What is the Mode 3/A SIF code when emergency mnode is selected?
 Definition
SIF code 7700
Term
When is the IFF caution light active?
 Definition
Only when a Mode 4 computer is installed.
Term
What term is given to the part of an airfoil facing into the wind during flight?
 Definition
Leading edge.
Term
What happens to the pressure over the top of an airfoil when the velocity of the airflow is increased?
 Definition
The airflow travels farther and faster, causing the pressure to decrease.
Term
The chord is a straight line drawn from where to where?
 Definition
The most distant part of the leading and trailing edges.
Term
What are the two main reasonss why airfoils differ in design.
 Definition
To meet lift and speed requirements.
Term
From where is the angle of attack (AOA) derived?
 Definition
From the angle between the chord line of the airfoil and the direction of the relative wind.
Term
Explain how a high AOA adds to the total lift.
 Definition
Dynamic pressure created on the bottom of the airfoil adds to the total lift.
Term
What is a stall condition.
 Definition
Lift over the airfoil is destroyed.
Term
What four aerodynamic forces affect an aircraft during flight?
 Definition
Gravity, lift, thrust, and drag.
Term
Which force attracts a body to the ground?
 Definition
Gravity.
Term
What force is produced by an aircraft's power plant?
 Definition
Thrust.
Term
What force does the friction and turbulence of the air produce as it passes over an aircraft?
 Definition
Drag.
Term
Why is a high AOA necessary at slow-flight airspeeds?
 Definition
Because at slow speeds more lift is required to overcome drag and gravity.
Term
Define the longitudinal axis.
 Definition
An imaginary line that extends from the nose to the tail.
Term
Define the Y-axis.
 Definition
An imaginary line that extends from the left wing tip to the right wing tip.
Term
Define the vertical axis.
 Definition
An imaginary line that extends vertically through the intersection of the X and Y axes.
Term
Left wing down or right wing down is a movement about which axis?
 Definition
Longitudinal.
Term
What is the movement about the lateral axis called?
 Definition
Pitch.
Term
What is the movement about the vertical axis called?
 Definition
Yaw.
Term
Movement about the vertical axis is referenced to what part of the aircraft?
 Definition
Nose.
Term
Where are the ailerons located?
 Definition
Near the wing tips.
Term
How do the ailerons move in reference to each other?
 Definition
Opposite each other.
Term
What does symmetrical movement of the stabilators provide?
 Definition
Pitch control.
Term
What does differential movement of the stabilators control?
 Definition
Roll control.
Term
To what is stabilator movement referenced?
 Definition
Trailing edge of the stabilator.
Term
Where is the rudder located?
 Definition
On the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer.
Term
About what axis does the rudder provide control?
 Definition
Vertical.
Term
What control surface prevents an aircraft from stalling when it's slowing down for a landing?
 Definition
flaps.
Term
For safety reasons, how are flaps activaded?
 Definition
Simultaneously.
Term
The F-16 aircraft uses what type of control surface in place of ailerons to control roll?
 Definition
Flaperons.
Term
What does the hydromechanical flight control system use to position flight control surfaces?
 Definition
Mechanical linkage and hydraulic actuators.
Term
What systems provide inputs to the hydraulic actuators?
 Definition
Hydromechanical and control augmentation systems.
Term
What is the purpose of the control stick?
 Definition
It provides mechanical inputs to the pitch and roll channels.
Term
What is the purpose of the rudder pedals?
 Definition
They provide the pilot with inputs to the directional yaw channel.
Term
What F-15 system provides damping on all three axes?
 Definition
Automatic flight controls system's control augmentation system (CAS).
Term
What components generate electronic signals for the F-16 FLCS?
 Definition
Stick, rudder pedals, and manual trim panel.
Term
What is the main component of the F-16 FLCS?
 Definition
Flight control computer (FLCC).
Term
What mechanical device provides for correct rudder pedal feel?
 Definition
Spring.
Term
What components make up the air data system?
 Definition
Air data computer, air datat instruments, and air sensors-pitot-static-AOA, and total temperature
Term
What is the main function of the ADC?
 Definition
To produce reference data for almost all other aircraft systems.
Term
What are the two pneumatic inputs to the ADC?
 Definition
Indicated static pressure (Psi) and pitot pressure (Pt).
Term
What is the purpose of the heating element in the pitot tube?
 Definition
Prevents icing.
Term
Static Temperature.
 Definition
Tfat
Term
Temperature sensed by the probe.
 Definition
Ti.
Term
Atmospheric pressure.
 Definition
Psi.
Term
Difference between Ps and Pt.
 Definition
Qc
Term
Measured angle of the aircraft in flight.
 Definition
AOAi
Term
Aircraft actual speed.
 Definition
M
Term
DEFINE Static pressure
 Definition
The undisturbed air through which the aircraft flies.
Term
Define Pitot pressure.
 Definition
The pressure measured at the tip of the pitot tube.
Term
DEFINE Pressure altitude
 Definition
Pressure corresponding to a given value of static pressure at the aircraft's current altitude.
Term
DEFINE Calibrated airspeed.
 Definition
A function of impact pressure (Qc) when the static pressure (Ps) position error has been compensated for.
Term
DEFINE True airspeed.
 Definition
The speed of the aircraft relative to the undisturbed air surrouding it.
Term
DEFINE Indicated AOA.
 Definition
The angular relationship of the aircraft to the air through which it's traveling as sensed by the AOA transmitter.
Term
What self-contained flight instrument shows aircraft heading with respect to magnetic north?
 Definition
Magnetic compass.
Term
What unit provides signals to the vertical velocity indicator (VVI)?
 Definition
Air data computer.
Term
What systems use the radar altitude for terrain following and low-altitude warning?
 Definition
Automatic flight control system (AFCS), autopilot, LANTIRN navigation pod and the central computer.
Term
What are the two modes of operation for the altimeter?
 Definition
ELECT (primary) and PNEU (secondary).
Term
What are the inputs to the airspeed/Mach indicator?
 Definition
Total and static pressure.
Term
What doe sthe HSI's HDG set know provide?
 Definition
Rotates the heading reference marker.
Term
What does the HSI's bearign pointer provide?
 Definition
Bearing information to the TACAN or INS destination.
Term
What type of information is displayed by the ADI?
 Definition
Pitch and roll attitude>
Term
What does the ADI OFF warning flag indicate?
 Definition
INS or ADI failure.
Term
How long after power loss can the standby attitude indicator provide usable information?
 Definition
Approximately nine minutes.
Term
What systems are controlled by the display system in addition to the monitoring of vital aircraft systems?
 Definition
Navigation, communications, weapons delivery, and mission data systems.
Term
What method does the multipurpose display processor (MPDP) use to generate and overlay display symbology on the multipurpose displays (MPD) and the multipurpose color displays (MPCD)?
 Definition
Raster and/or stroke.
Term
What display unit initiates and controls data transfer with the HUD, MPD, and MPCD?
 Definition
Multipurpose display processor (MPDP).
Term
What format is used to dsplay all information on a MPD?
 Definition
Monochromic (green) format.
Term
How many MPDs/MPCDDs are located in each cockpit?
 Definition
Two MPDs in each cockpit, one MPCD in the front cockpit, and two MPCDs in the rear cockpit.
Term
What doe the legends, positioned adjacent to each pushbutton, provide to the crew?
 Definition
Modes and options selectable for operation.
Term
What is the purpose of color-coding the displayed data?
 Definition
Aids in quick interpretation of complex formats such as HSI and ADI.
Term
What is the purpose of the MPDs and the MPCDs pushbuttons?
 Definition
Controls system selection and data to be displayed.
Term
What type of information is diplayed on the head-up display (HUD) system?
 Definition
Attack symbology and steering information.
Term
Where is the information displayed when using a HUD system?
 Definition
On a combiner glass in the forward field of view.
Term
What is a major benefir of having a HUD system?
 Definition
It keeps the pilot from constantly looking down into the cockpit.
Term
What avionic system optimizes weapon delivery capabilities for a one-man operation?
 Definition
Integrated fire control avionics system.
Term
What F-16 LRUs provide attack mode control and weapon selection?
 Definition
Upfront controls and multifunction displays.
Term
What are the main functions of the fire control computer (FCC)?
 Definition
INterfacing and primary bus controller for the AMUX, BMUX, and DMUX acts as the central computer, performs weapons delivery, navigation functions, and malfunction analysis capabilities.
Term
What is the purpose of the upfront controls?
 Definition
Provides a simplified, centralized, head-up means of controlling the most frequently used functions of the communications, navigation, and IFF systems.
Term
What is the primary function of the data entry display (DED)?
 Definition
It provides a visual display of switch actions made via the upfront controls.
Term
What system is the heart of the F-15?
 Definition
Central computer complex.
Term
What types of computations does the very high speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) central computer (CC) make?
 Definition
Mission oriented from data recieved from control panels and subsystems aboard the aircraft.
Term
What enables the VHSIC CC to retain boresight values?
 Definition
Batteries enable it to retain variable data.
Term
What is the purpose of the avionics interface units (AIU)?
 Definition
Controls, processes, and routes interfacing signals between multiple aircraft systems.
Term
What F-15 LRU provides the major interface and controls of avionics systems in both the front and rear cockpits?
 Definition
Upfront controls.
Term
Define Multiplexing.
 Definition
The procedure of transmitting many digital signals over a single pair of wires.
Term
What is the time-sharing concept of multiplexing
 Definition
All the information being processed takes turns on the same communication line.
Term
How are information bits processed on MUX lines?
 Definition
Alternately, only one system talking on the line at a time.
Term
What are the requirements for the information exchange on a MUX line?
 Definition
It must be quickly and accurately processed, controlled, and routed between systems.
Term
What is considered the central point of a MUX bus?
 Definition
The bus controller.
Term
What must occur for a remote terminal to communicate on a MUX bus?
 Definition
It has to receive the proper computer word from the bus controller.
Term
What is the purpose of a bus controller?
 Definition
It initiates and directs data transfers on the MUX bus.
Term
What type of device is used as a bus controller?
 Definition
A computer that performs all control and computing functions.
Term
What performs the secretarial function on the MUX bus?
 Definition
The remote terminal
Term
What are the three types of computer words used by the MUX bus system?
 Definition
Command, data, and status words.
Term
What device can transmit both command and data words?
 Definition
Bus controller.
Term
What types of words does the remote terminal transmit?
 Definition
Data and status words.
Term
What is the basic operating principle of all radar?
 Definition
To create a signal and detect its echo.
Term
What characteristics of radio frequency energy make it possible to measure distance in terms of time?
 Definition
RF energy: (1)travels in straight line, (2) at a constant velocity (1nm per 6.2 micro seconds), and (3) it's partially reflected by objects it strikes.
Term
How does a frequency-modulation radar system establish range?
 Definition
It measures the time interval by comparing the frequency of the transmitter with the frequency of the received echo.
Term
What two dimensions must be considered in determining direction of a radar target?
 Definition
Azimuth and elevation.
Term
What pulse property gives Range accuracy, minimum and maximum range, and target resolution?
 Definition
Pulse shape.
Term
What pulse property gives Minimum range and average power?
 Definition
Pulse duration.
Term
What pulse property gives maximum range and average power?
 Definition
Repetition frequency.
Term
Name the two types of navigational data that an airborne Doppler radar system provides.
 Definition
Ground speed and drift angle.
Term
Briefly explain the frequency shift for a target moving away
 Definition
Frequency shift decreases.
Term
Briefly explain the frequency shift for a stationary target.
 Definition
Frequency shift remains constant.
Term
Briefly explain the frequency shift for a target closing in.
 Definition
Frequency shift increases.
Term
What component sends trigger pulses to various units to control system operation?
 Definition
Synchronizer.
Term
What component generates short bursts of RF energy?
 Definition
Transmitter.
Term
What component reflects the radar echo into the duplexer?
 Definition
Antenna.
Term
What component amplifies the pulse, changes it to video, and sends it to the radar indicator?
 Definition
Receiver.
Term
What component operates on a time base that translates into range?
 Definition
Indicator.
Term
Name three advantages a waveguide has over a two-wire transmision line.
 Definition
(1) Less dielectric loss.
(2) Less radiation loss.
(3) Greater power-handling capability.
Term
Identify the principle disadvantage of a waveguide.
 Definition
Impractical size requirements (dimensions) at lower frequencies (below 3,000 MHz)
Term
Generation and radiation of electromagnetic energy for ECM purposes is the definition of what countermeasure?
 Definition
Electronic jamming.
Term
What characteristic of most radar systems make them vulnerable to jamming?
 Definition
Sensitivity.
Term
Briefly describe an electronic alternative to blocking a radar receiver with highly concentrated RF energy.
 Definition
Inject confusing and/or misleading information.
Term
Chaff is what type of jamming device?
 Definition
Mechanical.
Term
What is a weakness of chaff?
 Definition
It lacks velocity.
Term
How does RAM act as a countermeasure?
 Definition
By absorbing radar energy and attenuating the return.
Term
Flying in the shadow area of radar is an example of what kind of countermeasure?
 Definition
Evasion.
Term
What countermeasure method is assigned to aircraft specially equipped with radar-homing missiles?
 Definition
Destruction.
Term
State the functions provided by a digital stores management system.
 Definition
Stores identification, inventory, and status; weapons activation and control; weapons release, launch, and stores jettison; stores sequencing and weapons delivery rates; verification of stores and weapons; and armament system integrity.
Term
What component of a digital stores management system stores, sends, and computes information used by the entire system?
 Definition
The main computer or computers.
Term
What process is normally used by a digital stores management system to transfer data from computer to computer?
 Definition
Multiplexing.
Term
What SMS-related system responds to commands by diplaying information on an aircraft's MFD?
 Definition
Controls and displays.
Term
What aircraft panel is responsible for distributing power throughout the entire aircraft?
 Definition
Aircraft power panels.
Term
Through what panel is the selection of gun firing rates normally made?
 Definition
Main armament control panel.
Term
Through what stick grip switch on an aircraft releases munitions?
 Definition
The armament release switch.
Term
What is the function of a video display in an aircraft's cockpit?
 Definition
It displays information about the status of the aircraft's weapon system and the munitions that are installed on the aircraft.
Term
What is the purpose of release priority systems?
 Definition
They control the sequencing of weapons release when more than one station is selected for weapons delivery.
Term
What two aircraft panels are used with each other to facilitate emergency jettison of nuclear weapons?
 Definition
Emergency jettison control panels and the special weapons control panels.
Term
What function is provided by system override panels?
 Definition
They provide a circuit that bypasses the need for the landing gear to be in the UP position before the armament system is able to receive power.
Term
Normally, what is the only connection an EO-guided bomb control system has with the SMS?
 Definition
Weapon and station selection and release activation.
Term
What si the purpose of the nuclear system on nuclear-capable aircraft?
 Definition
To prevent accidental or unauthorized prearming of nuclear weapons and, if necessary, accommodate their delivery.
Term
Weapon system management is accomplished by which LRUs on an F-15?
 Definition
MPCD and the MPDs.
Term
What F-16 LRU provides the interface between the CIU and the weapon stations?
 Definition
Remote interface units.
Term
State the two types of bombing systems used in our aircraft.
 Definition
Internal and external.
Term
What are the three basic types of releases incorporated into all aircraft bombing systems?
 Definition
Manual, manual-computed, and automatic (computed).
Term
How is manual release equal to a single-selected weapons release?
 Definition
Manual release alows the release of one bomb from one stations.
Term
What is produced by a manual input to the bombing system during manual-computed weapons release?
 Definition
Release pulses are distributed to the various selected weapons stations.
Term
In what type of release is the proper weapons release time calculated using previously inputted data?
 Definition
Automatic or computed.
Term
What are the two basic modes of operation in missile systems?
 Definition
Air-to-air and air-to-ground.
Term
How are AIM-7 AIM-9 missiles fired?
 Definition
Individually.
Term
What happens to nonselected aircraft missile system stations during missile release?
 Definition
They'll automatically be passed over during the firing sequence.
Term
What are the two basic modes of operation in aircraft jettison systems?
 Definition
Selective and emergency jettison.
Term
What type of operation can emergency jettison be equated to?
 Definition
An override mode of operation.
Term
What is the Air Force standard system for the movement of concentrated cargo?
 Definition
463L system.
Term
What are the dimensions of a 463L pallet? The usable area dimensions?
 Definition
108 ins. x 88 ins. x 2.25 ins.' the usable cargo area is 104 ins. by 84 ins.
Term
What is the total weight a pallet of cargo secured with nets can weigh?
 Definition
10,355 lbs. (10,000 lbs. cargo weight + 290 lbs. pallet weight + 65 lbs. side nets and top net weight).
Term
When low-profile cargo is loaded on a pallet that does not permit the use of side nets, on what conditions can a top net be used?
 Definition
Total weight of pallet does not exceed 2,500 lbs., the belly band is positioned to prevent small cargo from sliding out from under the net, the height of the cargo does not exceed 45 in.s from the surface of the palle, and all top net hooks are fastened to the pallet tie-down rings.
Term
Pallets must be in good condition. for what reasons would you reject a pallet for transportation?
 Definition
Pallets with excessive mud, dirt, or oil on them. Palets/nets with missing
Term
Describe what is unique about the 10K adverse terrain forlift's steering. What is such steering called?
 Definition
Steering is accomplished by pivoting the front frame with respect to the rear frame. This is called an articulated frame or steering.
Term
How long must forlift tines be to be used with 463L pallets?
 Definition
72 inches.
Term
When rolling stock has loose items, what must you ensure about this cargo?
 Definition
It must be carefully checked to ensure all losse itmes are secure.
Term
What is the difference between a type of aidrop and a method of airdrop?
 Definition
Method of airdrop refers to the way the loads exit the aircraft. Type of airdrop refers to the rate of descent of the loads.
Term
On a high-velocity drop, what type of parachute is used and why?
 Definition
Stabilizing parachute-attatched to the top of the load to hold it upright.
Term
What type of airdrop uses a large, clear drop zone and why?
 Definition
Low-velocity. This type of drop requires a large, clear drop zone because it usually consists of larg, complex loads.
Term
Waht method of airdrop is being used when the load has to be pushed out of the aircraft?
 Definition
Door bundle method.
Term
What method of airdrop is being used when the aircraft is flown at nose-high attitude at the release point?
 Definition
Gravity bundle method.
Term
What is the difference between HALO and HAHO?
 Definition
The only difference between these to free-fall jumps, is the altitude at which the parachutes are opened HALO is low altitude and HAHO is higher altitudes.
Term
What C-17 subsystem provides control for the cargo handling and missions system?
 Definition
System integration subsystem.
Term
What copmponents make up the forward loadmaster subsystem?
 Definition
Pilot,copilot ADS control panel, and the ADS backup control pane, and forward CDSCS.
Term
What panel serves as the primary interface between operating personnel and the aircraft cargo delivery system?
 Definition
Forward cargo delivery system control-status panel (CDSC-SP)
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