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| A mistaken belief, esp. one based on unsound argument |
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| A dangerous course, one that leads easily to catastrophe, as in He's on a slippery slope, compromising his values to please both the bosses and the union. This metaphoric expression alludes to traversing a slick hillside, in constant danger of falling |
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| an earnest request for aid, support, sympathy, mercy, etc.; entreaty; petition; plea. |
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| grammer, the repetition of a syntactic construction in successive sentences for rhetorical effect |
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| mental tendency or inclination, esp an irrational preference or prejudice |
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Factual arguments basically try to establish one of two things:
- Whether something exists or not.
- Whether claims made about something are true.
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use emotion to distract the audience from the facts.
Example: The thousand of baby seals killed in the Exxon Valdez oil spill have shown us that oil is not a reliable energy source. |
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is an informal fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence— essentially making a hasty conclusion without considering all of the variables |
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Post hoc, ergo proctor hoc |
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| Latin for "after this, therefore because of this", is a logical fallacy (of the questionable cause variety) that states "Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one. |
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to demand by or as by virtue of a right; demand as a right |
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the act of conceding or yielding, as a right, a privilege, or a point or fact in an argument: He made no concession to caution. |
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a faulty instance of the argument from analogy. |
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the quality or power in an actual life experience or in literature, music, speech, or other forms of expression, of evoking a feeling of pity or compassion. |
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| reasoning from detailed facts to general principles |
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| kind of reasoning in which the conclusion is necessitated by, or reached from, previously known facts |
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is a source of knowledge acquired by means of observation or experimentation.[1] Empirical evidence is information that justifies a belief in the truth or falsity of an empirical claim. |
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| statement of truth that is beyond reasonable doubt |
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| is a claim of non-factual information based on a person's experience |
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| is a general category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument. |
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| Culture is an important sector of social and human development, which contributes to identity-building and self-esteem, fosters economic growth and social cohesion, and helps to promote political participation and ownership. |
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| explanations and examples of common errors of reasoning. |
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| Able to be believed; convincing. |
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| The solid surface of the earth. |
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Refutation (counterargument) |
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| The action or fact of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something. |
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| persuading by the use of reasoning. |
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threat of rejection by one's peers (or peer pressure) is substituted for evidence in an "argument." This line of "reasoning" has the following form:
Person P is pressured by his/her peers or threatened with rejection.
Therefore person P's claim X is false. |
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| is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations |
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| information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc. |
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| the act of offering or suggesting something for acceptance, adoption, or performance. |
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| occurs when a speaker makes a claim (usually a premise in an otherwise valid deductive argument) that presents an artificial range of choices. For instance, he may suggest that there are only two choices possible, when three or more really exist. Those who use an either/or fallacy try to force their audience to accept a conclusion by presenting only two possible options, one of which is clearly more desirable. |
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| opposition; contrast: the antithesis of right and wrong. |
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| A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite, as in This is no small problem. |
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| the use of equivocal or ambiguous expressions, especially in order to mislead or hedge; prevarication. |
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convincing by the character of the author. |
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The act or an example of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive. |
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| The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. |
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| A seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true. |
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The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive verses, clauses, or paragraphs. |
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