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| is anything that has MASS and occupies space. |
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-always involve a chemical reaction.
- formation of different sunstance(s)
- rearrange atoms to form different molecules (atoms)
- "reactivity of a substance" |
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| this involves the breaking of chemical bonds in original substance(s) and forming new chemical bonds in a new substance(s). |
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- do NOT involve the formation of a new substance
- describe how substances LOOK or behave
-ex. boiling point, evaporation point, malleability, conductivity, chnage of state |
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| Have fixed chemical properties. |
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| is any substance made up of the SAME type of atoms. |
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| is any substance made up of 2 or more types of atoms bonded together chemically |
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-when two or more substances come into contact and NO chemical reaction occurs.
- do NOT have fixed chemical properties - can have properties of both substances ex. tea and water |
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| Water (H2O) is the Universal Solvent. |
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| substance which does the dissolving. |
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subtance which dissolves in solvent
- often a solid |
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-can see different parts of mixture
- may have more than one phase ex. solids and liquids |
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-cannot see individual parts of mixture
- one phase
- ex. solutions |
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| the ability to be stretched without breaking. |
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| the ability to be beaten or rolled into sheets without crumbling. |
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| are substances which DONATE electrons in chemical ractions. |
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-are substances which GAIn electrons in chemical reactions
- will also SHARE electrons to form molecular compounds. |
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| are electrons found in the last energy level. |
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Families/Groups- elements belonging to same family behave similarly
- Group # indicates the number of valence electrons |
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- indicates # of energy levels
- "periods" |
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Electrons are found in energy levels according to 2,8,8 rule:
-1st energy level can have maximum 2 electrons
- 2nd energy level can have maximum 8 electrons
- 3rd energy level can have maximum 8 electrons |
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Definition
- are the only part of the atom which undergoes a chemical reaction
- electrons are donated, accepted, or shared between particles. |
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- is a charges particle
- is an "atom" which has gained, or lost electron(s). |
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| are electrically neutral. |
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- negatively charged ion
- gained electrons (s)
- non-metals- are anions when forming ionic compounds. |
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- "+" charged particle
- lost/donated electron(s) |
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| An atom will be stable if outermost energy level is FULL |
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-are formed between and metal and non-metal and/or polyatomic ion (or 2 polyatomic ions).
- involve the foramtion of ionic bonds. |
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| is formed when there is a transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal |
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- clusters od atoms with an overall charge
- have molecular or covalent bonding between atoms ("holds clusters together")
- so stable they are considered as a single particle. |
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-are ionic compounds with water molecules attached.
- these are solids at room temperature. |
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- reflect not only quantity but also its degree of acuuracy
- Leading zeros are not significant
_ Trailing zeros are significant |
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| Molecular Compounds (Covalent Compounds) |
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Definition
- are made of two or more non-metals
- have molecular or "covalent" bonding
- some elements are more stable,they form a molecule by SHARING ELECTRONS (covalent bond) |
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- occurs when electron(s) are SHARED between 2 non-metals
- they do this to achieve the 2,8, 8 rule |
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| are character properties which can be seen and/or measured |
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| Empirical Properties of Ionic Compounds |
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Definition
1. all solids at room temperture
2. higher vapourization/boiling points than molecular substances
3. some are soulable in water, some are not.
4. if they are soluable in water, they conduct electricity. |
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| Empirical Properties of Molecular Compounds |
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Definition
1. can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature (if solid they are soft, waxy substances).
2. have lower boiling points and vapourization points than ionic compounds.
3. Some are soulable in water, some are not.
4. If they are soluable in water, they DO NOT conduct electricity. |
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- theoretical knowledge explains empirical properties
- explains why a substances look and behave as they do
-theory talks about what the "particles" are doing (what we cannot see) |
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| Theoretical Properties and Ionic Compounds |
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Definition
1. are formed between a metal and non-metal or polyatomic ion.
2. ionic bonds are formed between particles -electrons are transferred between particles (from metal to non-metal)
- results in a lattice consisting of partially "+" and "-" entities. |
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- one end "+", other "-"
- results in extra "electrostatic force"
- in 3 dimensions- one particle is attracted to many "+" "-" ends at once.
** particles of ionic compunds have greater attraction for each other. |
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| Solubility of Ionic Compounds |
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Definition
1. all group 1 compunds- soluable
2. all NH4+ - any compounds with ammonium ion soluable.
3. most elements- not soluable (compounds with "heavy metal" not soluable) |
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| Nerd says it involves a hydrogen atom followed by a polyatomic ion or elements, and belonging ti a COOH group. Therfore all acids are aqueous and produce hydrogen ions in solutions. |
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| Theoretical definition of Acids |
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Definition
| are pure substances which produce hydrogen ions in a solution. |
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| Theoretical defintion of Bases |
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Definition
| are pure substances which produce hydroxide (OH-aq) ions in solutions. |
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Definition
1. Are all soluable in water
2. All conduct electricity
3. Acids react with metals to produce H2 gas.
4. Taste sour
5. Red litmus paper stays red
6. Blue litmus paper turns red
7. Phenothalein doesn't change
8. Bromthymol blue turns yellow
9. Ph less than 7 |
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Term
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Definition
1. Are all soluable in water
2. All conduct electricity
3. Taste bitter
4. Are slippery to touch
5. Red litmus paper turns blue
6. Blue litmus paper has no change in colour
7. Phenothalein turns hot pink
8. Bromythmol blue has no change in colour
9. has a Ph greater than 7 |
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| indicates a hydrogen ion concentration. |
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| does not conduct electricity, red litmus paper stays red, blue litmus paper stays blue. |
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| The mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance. |
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-one mole of any substance is 6.02 x 10 to the 23rd particles
- we imagine that one mole= one particle |
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| Formation/ Synthesis Reaction |
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Definition
- element + element --> compound
- simple --> complex |
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compound --> elements
complex --> simple |
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| Single Replacement Reactions- "Single Switch" |
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Definition
| element + ionic compound --> new element + new compound |
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| Double Replacement Reactions |
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Definition
| 2 ionic compounds (break up into "+ and "-" --> 2 new ionic compounds |
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Definition
- burn fuel --> O2
** products are always CO2 + H2O
- most of the time, burn C-H molecule (organic molecule)
* Balancing "H" |
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Definition
- an acid/base reaction
- special form of a Double Replacement Reaction |
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Definition
| number of protons + number of neutrons |
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Definition
| number of protons in an atom |
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