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| A searching inquiry for ascerting facts detailed or careful examination. |
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| The protection of the enviorment from the effects of pollution and human activity. |
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| A method of research in which a problem is identified. |
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| An educated guess that can be tested or investigated. |
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| A group of measurments facts or statistics. |
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| The process of arriving at some conclusion. |
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| A simplified representation of a system or phenomenom as in science or economics. |
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| A general priciple that explains orr predicts facts or events |
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| A cell with a true nucleus; a cell with a nuclear membrane and organelles. |
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| A special part of a cell having some specific function. |
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| The central part of an atom, which makes up 99.9%of the atoms mess. |
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| A cell lacking a true membrane bound nucleus. |
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| The semipermable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell. |
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| A tiny, somewhat mitten shaped organelle accuming in great numbers. |
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| The wall that is part of the outer structure of centrum cells. |
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| is an eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells |
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| The Golgi apparatus (also Golgi body) is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. |
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| is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. |
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| A vacuole is a membrane bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. |
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| an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells) |
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| are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis |
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| A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, |
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| metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes |
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| Endocytosis is the process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) from outside the cell by engulfing it with their cell membrane. |
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| infiltration of the epidermis by inflammatory or circulating blood cells |
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| the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration |
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| means moving biochemicals and atomic or molecular substances across the cell membrane. |
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| the characteristic of allowing only certain substances from the outside environment to enter the cell. |
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| diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal |
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| movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
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| active transport involves the transportation of things from a region of lower concentration to a higher concentration. |
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| Protein synthesis is the process in which cells build proteins. |
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| is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. ... |
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| a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy |
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| An autotroph is an organism that produces complex organic compounds (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions |
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| An organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. |
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| is a pore, found in the leaf and stem epidermis that is used for gas exchange. |
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| any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms; there are four naturally occurring forms |
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| respiration: the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules |
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| a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions |
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| The cellular degradation of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid, and ATP as an energy source |
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| in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy |
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| Pyruvate is formed when sugar is broken down for energy in the presence of oxygen (aerobic metabolism). |
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| An electron transport chain (ETC) couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set of mediating biochemical reactions |
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| Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, and using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound, as opposed to Respiration where electrons are donated to an exogenous electron acceptor, such as oxygen |
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| Lactic acid fermentation is a biological process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are converted into cellular energy and the metabolic byproduct lactate. |
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| Ethanol fermentation, also referred to as alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol |
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| vegetation: all the plant life in a particular region or period |
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| single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants |
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| any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism) |
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| Biomass, a renewable energy source, is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. |
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| ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein |
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| In biology, evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations. |
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| are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past. ... |
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| Divergent evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species adapting to different environments, leading to natural selection defining the success of specific mutations. |
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| Two structures in biology are said to be analogous if they perform the same or similar function by a similar mechanism but evolved separately. |
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| In evolutionary biology, homology refers to any similarity between characteristics of organisms that is due to their shared ancestry. |
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| Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. |
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| is the process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations. |
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| is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise |
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| the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches |
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| no longer in existence; "the extinction of a species" |
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| is a method by which biologists group and categorize organisms by biological type, such as genus or species. |
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| Hierarchical classification system |
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| a classification system where entries are arranged based on some hierarchical structure |
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| the highest taxonomic group into which organisms are grouped; one of five biological categories: Monera or Protoctista or Plantae or Fungi or Animalia |
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| taxonomic group whose members can interbreed |
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| a rank in the classification of organisms, below family and above species; a taxon at that rank; |
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| A large group of flowering plants that includes deciduous trees, therefore all hardwoods, but not pine trees. |
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| is a plant that lives for more than two years. |
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| An annual plant is a plant that usually germinates, flowers, and dies in a year or season. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed. |
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| The movement can be due to changes in turgor or changes in growth |
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| A phenomenon describing the tendency of African Violets and other plants to bend toward the light. |
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| Thigmotropism is a movement in which an organism moves or grows in response to touch or contact stimuli. |
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| any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants; "horses are herbivores"; "the sauropod dinosaurs were apparently herbivores" |
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| a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member |
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| a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains |
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| A food chain represents a succession of organisms that eat another organism and are, in turn, eaten themselves. ... |
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| A measure of the amount of matter contained by a given volume |
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| the process in some plants of parts growing together that are usually separate |
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| Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid. |
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| abnormal union of bodily tissues; most common in the abdomen |
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| a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries |
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| resistance of a liquid to shear forces |
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| the tendency to float in water or other liquid |
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| In physics, buoyancy is the upward force, caused by fluid pressure, that keeps things afloat. |
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| electronic band theory, solids can be classified as insulators, semiconductors, semimetals, or metals. |
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| The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms |
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| is most commonly used to refer to the energy required to remove (to infinity) the outermost electron in the atom or molecule when the gas atom or molecule is isolated in free space and is in its ground electronic state. |
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| The effective nuclear charge, is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. |
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| The Electron affinity of a molecule or atom is the energy change when an electron is added to the neutral species to form a negative ion. |
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| the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond |
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| An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that involves a metal and a nonmetal ion (or polyatomic ions such as ammonium) through electrostatic attraction. |
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| a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
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| a chemical bond in which electrons are shared over many nuclei and electronic conduction occurs |
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| In a chemical change, bonds are broken and new bonds are formed between different atoms. This breaking and forming of bonds takes place when particles of the original materials collide with one another. |
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| separate as a fine suspension of solid particles |
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| the process of oxidizing; the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons |
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| A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity. |
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| is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another |
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| gram molecule: the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams; the basic unit of amount of substance adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites |
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| catalysts are said to reduce the energy of activation during the transition phase of a reaction" |
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| In chemical thermodynamics, an endergonic reaction (also called an unfavorable reaction or a nonspontaneous reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is absorbed. |
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a reaction that is thermodynamically favorable and will occur spontaneously. |
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| Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds (complexes, or salts) separate or split into smaller particles, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. |
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| the process of ionizing; the formation of ions by separating atoms or molecules or radicals or by adding or subtracting electrons from atoms by strong electric fields in a gas |
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| the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution) |
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| a solution in which the solvent can dissolve no more of a specific solute at a particular temperature |
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| the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume |
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| concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
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| any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt |
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| nucleotide: a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) |
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| is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. |
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| a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt; with strong acids and bases the essential reaction is the combination of hydrogen ions with hydroxyl ions to form water |
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| a solution that conducts electricity; "the proper amount and distribution of electrolytes in the body is essential for health" |
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| a state of change; "they were in a state of steady motion |
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| distance travelled per unit time |
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| velocity is the rate of change of position. It is a vector physical quantity; both speed and direction are required to define it. |
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| Newton's first law of motion |
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| a body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force |
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| the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity |
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| is the resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of motion |
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| the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field |
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| an increase in rate of change; "modern science caused an acceleration of cultural change" |
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| A net force, Fnet = F1 + F2 + … (also known as a resultant force) is a vector produced when two or more forces { F1, F2, … } act upon a single object. on it calculated by vector addition of the force vectors acting upon the object |
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| Newton's second law of motion |
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| second law of motion: the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the imposed force and goes in the direction of the force |
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| the resistance encountered when one body is moved in contact with another |
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| (physics) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface; "the more remote the body the less the gravity"; "the gravitation between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely |
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| the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity |
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| A projectile is any object propelled through space by the exertion of a force which ceases after launch. |
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| the inward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body |
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| Newtons third law of motion |
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| Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that form the basis for classical mechanics. They have been expressed in several different ways over nearly three centuries, and can be summarised as follows: # In the absence of a net force, the center of mass of a body either is at rest or moves |
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| the product of a body's mass and its velocity; "the momentum of the particles was deduced from meteoritic velocities" |
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| the principle that the total linear momentum in a closed system is constant and is not affected by processes occurring inside the system |
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| function: perform as expected when applied |
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| the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy |
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| The kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion |
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| the rate of doing work; measured in watts |
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| the ratio of the output to the input of any system |
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| any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks |
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| In physics, resistance force is the force which an effort force must overcome in order to do work on an object. Resistance force, like most other forces, is measured in newtons or in pounds-force. |
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| the ratio of the force exerted by a machine to the force applied to it |
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| the phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface |
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| the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another |
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| Principle of superposition |
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| the displacement of any point due to the superposition of wave systems is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point; "the principle of superposition is the basis of the wave theory of light" |
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| electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication |
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| a wave (as a sound wave in a chamber or an electromagnetic wave in a transmission line) in which the ratio of its instantaneous amplitude at one point to that at any other point does not vary with time |
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| an excited state of a stable particle causing a sharp maximum in the probability of absorption of electromagnetic radiation |
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| radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge |
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| the longitudinal wave of pressure that is transmitted through any plastic material; audible sound |
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| In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a thermodynamic system, or a body with well-defined boundaries, denoted by U, or sometimes E, is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of particles (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the potential energy associated |
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| a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature |
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| In heat transfer, conduction (or heat conduction) is the transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a substance due to a temperature gradient. |
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| the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion |
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| Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted from a material which is due to the heat of the material, the characteristics of which depend on its temperature |
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| the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade |
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| any engine that makes use of heat to do work |
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| First law of thermodynamics |
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| conservation of energy: the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes |
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| Second law of thermodynamics |
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| law stating that mechanical work can be derived from a body only when that body interacts with another at a lower temperature; any spontaneous process results in an increase of entropy |
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| If the actual value is 5.321 and you say that it is 5.30, then you are precise to 3 places but inaccurate by .021. If a value is represented as a bullseye on a target, a group of guesses or measurements represented by closely grouped points have a high degree of precision. |
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| the curved upper surface of a nonturbulent liquid in a vertical tube |
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| the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division |
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| the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA |
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| an event that results in a transformation |
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| the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it |
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| Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural resources such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. |
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