Term
| Which form of calcium is the most concentrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium absorption from food or supplements is greater or less than 50%? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the binding protein that regulates many of the calcium-dependent enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the compound that is found in bran and legumes and will, in large amounts, have a detrimental effect upon absorption of minerals such as calcium? |
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Definition
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Term
| During which period of the lifecycle does peak bone mass occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two primary sites of bone loss in type 1 osteoporosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| The NIH Panel on Osteoporosis recommended what calcium intake level (in mg/day) for postmenopausal females not treated with estrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most reliable method for measuring calcium status? |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological roles include promotion of blood clotting |
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Definition
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Term
| NOT associated with hydroxyapatite in bone |
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Definition
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Term
| Binds phosphate groups in ATP and ATP-dependent enzyme reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| An important acid-base buffer in cells and the renal system |
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Definition
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Term
| Avoid supplementation when impaired kidney function exists |
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Definition
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Term
| Supplementation would be contraindicated in primary hyperparathyroidism |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency associated with myocardial infarction |
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Definition
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Term
| Supplementation may reduce serum LDL cholesterol |
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Definition
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Term
| Over ingestion may cause diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency symptoms include cardiac arrhythmias |
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Definition
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Term
| Antacid overuse is a documented cause of deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| Participates in more than 300 enzyme systems |
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Definition
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Term
| Most abundant in the diet and rarely found to be deficient |
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Definition
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Term
| Good food sources do NOT include meat, grains or nuts |
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Definition
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Term
| Dietary requirement is increased by higher protein intake |
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Definition
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Term
| Component of chlorophyll in green leafy vegetables |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the roles of calcium and magnesium differ in muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| In muscle contraction, the roles of calcium and magnesium are antagonistic, with magnesium promoting inhibition and calcium being contractor. |
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Term
| Which electrolyte is the most abundant anion found in extracellular fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which electrolyte is the most abundant cation found in extracellular fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which electrolyte is the most abundant cation found in intracellular fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is total sodium intake contributed to more by salt added during cooking and at the table or by salt added to processed foods? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is ingested sodium and potassium absorbed efficiently from the gastrointestinal tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which electrolyte decreases urinary calcium excretion and which one increases urinary calcium excretion? |
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Definition
| Potassium decreased and sodium increases |
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Term
| What type of health problem causes hypokalemia to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Increasing potassium intake may ameliorate what cardiovascular risk factor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the hormone that promotes the retention of sodium and excretion of potassium |
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Definition
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Term
| Are the vast majority of hypertensive individuals sensitive to an excess of salt? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which populations of hypertensive individuals would most likely benefit from sodium restriction? |
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Definition
| Hypertensive individuals taking antihypertensive medications |
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Term
| Do all hypertensive individuals experience a reduction in blood pressure with higher calcium intake? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for the most important physiological defense against overheating? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the electrolytes typically present in sweat |
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Definition
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Term
| Under conditions of intense, prolonged exercise in the heat, what electrolyte is most likely to be lost in significant amounts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hip fracture is more likely to result from which type of osteoporosis? |
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Definition
| Type II (age-related) osteoporosis |
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Term
| Under what conditions in early or later life may low estrogen occur in women and increase the risk of bone loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the lifestyle and nutritional factors that may increase the risk of bone loss |
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Definition
Menopause
Anorexia nervosa, Amenorrhea in athletes - book |
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Term
| What supplement has been shown to decrease bone loss in older women and to increase bone density in children and adolescent girls? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which iron-containing molecule is the primary storage form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which iron-containing molecule increases relative to the primary storage form when iron overload occurs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which iron-containing molecule is the oxygen transport in muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which iron-containing molecule is the oxygen transport from the lungs to the tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which iron-containing molecule transports iron within the intestinal cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which iron-containing molecule transports iron in serum |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which iron forms are used for food fortification? |
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Definition
Ferric
Ferrous
Elemental iron |
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|
Term
| Name the iron form that occurs naturally in foods of animal origin |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What drives the regulation of the absorption of iron in normal individuals? |
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Definition
| Absorption of iron in normal individuals is regulated in relation to body iron stores. |
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Term
| Which vitamin promotes iron absorption |
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Definition
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Term
| Indicate the two beverages containing polyphenols and/or oxalates that most strongly inhibit iron absorption. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the function of a chelator in iron nutrition? |
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Definition
| Inhibits or enhances absorption of bound nonheme iron. |
|
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Term
| Non-heme iron immediately after release from food in the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-heme iron absorbed via receptor-mediated mechanism |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Iron transported in serum |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Indicate the two storage forms for iron. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which mineral is crucial to iron metabolism? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| List the enzymatic processes that require iron. |
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Definition
| Carnitine synthesis, glycolysis, conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water, gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| Regarding hemochromatosis, when does it start, who does it affect, and what damage occurs to tissues? |
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Definition
| Associated with tissue damage, when most often in adult Caucasians and begans around 20 years of age |
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Term
| Which TWO common initial blood measurements are used for the assessment of iron nutriture |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin and hematocrit |
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Term
| How many biological pathways is sodium dependent upon for gastrointestinal absorption? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| List the functions of chloride |
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Definition
| gastric acidity – the formation of HCL |
|
|
Term
| List the macrominerals that are associated with blood pressure control |
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Definition
| Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium |
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|
Term
| Which populations of hypertensive individuals would most likely benefit from sodium restriction? |
|
Definition
| Hypertensive individuals taking antihypertensive medications, low plasma of rennin, African American, over 65 and genetic disposition, |
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|
Term
| List the electrolytes typically present in sweat |
|
Definition
| Sodium, potassium, chlorine and magnesium |
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|
Term
| List the best dietary sources of iron |
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Definition
| Heme - meat fish and poultry, Nonheme – nuts fruit veggie, grain and tofu |
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|
Term
| Is iron from the US diet efficiently (over 50%) absorbed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Excessive intake of non-heme iron interferes with absorption of which mineral that shares a common absorption pathway? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which population groups are considered at high risk for iron deficiency? |
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Definition
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