Term
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 7 B vitamins? |
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Definition
B1-thiamine
B2-riboflavin
B3-niacin
B5- pantothenic acid
B6- pyridoxine
B7-Biotin
B12- cobalamin |
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Term
| Which vitamins are antioxidants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two water soluble vitamins are not easily washed out like the others and why? |
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Definition
| B12 and folate b/c they are stored in the liver |
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Term
| Which vitamin if deficient can lead to night blindness? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamin in excess can be teratogenic causing cleft palate or septal defects? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who can you not give isoretinoin to? Why? |
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Definition
pregnant women
teratogenic |
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Term
| What dose vitamin A do in the eye? |
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Definition
| with opsin it helps maintain a closed Na channel in the rods |
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Term
| What G protein does rhodopsin work through? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does GT activate in the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are the photoreceptors hyperpolarized or depolarized when light is absorbed? How is this accomplished? |
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Definition
| hyperpolarized by closure of the Na channels through the action of PDE deceasing the concentration of cGMP |
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Term
| What is the vitamin A derived medication used for wrinkles and acne? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzymes is thiamine a cofactor for? (4) |
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Definition
pyruvate dehydrogenase
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
transketolase
branched chain AA dehydrogenase |
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Term
| What are the three diseases induced by thiamine deficincy? |
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Definition
wet beri beri (high output heart failure)
dry beri beri
wernicke korsakoff |
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Term
| Why are the brain and heart most effected in thiamine deficiency? |
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Definition
| Thiamine required in TCA cycle and glycolysis and therefore without it you cannot make enough ATP for the highly dependent tissues like the heart and the brain |
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Term
| What vitamine deficiency disease manifests as an alcoholic patient with confusion and confabulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease can present as polyneuritis and symmetrical muscle wasting after several years of heavy drinking? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin deficiency results in dry cracking lips and a dry cracked magenta tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cheilosis? What vitamin deficiency is it seen in? |
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Definition
inflammation of the corner of the mouth
seen in riboflavin deficiency |
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Term
| What vitamin deficiency can present with corneal vascularization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin deficiency presents with diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia? |
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Definition
| Niacin deficiency (pellegra) |
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Term
| What amino acid can niacin be derived from if not enough in the diet? What cofactor does it require? |
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Definition
| Niacin can be derived from tryptophan and requires pyridoxine (B6) |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic disorder where there is inability to abosorb vitamins especially tryptophan |
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Term
| What can hartnup disease lead to and why? |
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Definition
| can lead to niacin deficiency-->pellegra due to deficiency in tryptophan |
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Term
| How can malignant carcinoid syndrome cause pellegra? |
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Definition
| increase the metabolism of tryptophan and therefore the precursor to niacin |
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Term
| You have an AIDs patient present to you with symptoms consistent with TB, you treat him with isoniazid. What two vitamin deficiencies is this patient at risk for? |
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Definition
primarily vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
also niacin deficiency b/c B6 is required to convert tryptophan into niacin |
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Term
| Niacin is found in corn grown in the US. What would be the explanation for an individual presenting with diarrhea, dermatitis, and forgettfulness who eats alot of corn? |
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Definition
| the corn is not treated and therefore the niacin is not able to be absorbed |
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Term
| A 55 year old overweight male comes into the office with facial flushing that has been lasting ever since his last check up visit at which time his lipids were found to be too high. At that check-up what lipid lowering drug was he most likely perscribed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of pantothenic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| A 45 year old TB patient comes into your office complaining of fatigue and pale skin. After a blood smear reveals a microcytic hypochromic anemia, you change his TB medication. What was the cause of his anemia? and what type of anemia is present? |
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Definition
pyridoxine deficiency
causing sideroblastic anemia |
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Term
| What vitamin is used in the synthesis of heme and specifically what enzyme in heme synthesis? |
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Definition
| pyridoxine and the enzyme ALA synthase |
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Term
| What vitamin is a cofactor in transaminase reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin is used as a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two enzymes is vitamin B12 a cofactor for? |
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Definition
| homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase |
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Term
| What type of anemia results with a deficiency in cobalamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference in clinical presentation between folic acid deficiency and cobalamin deficiency? |
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Definition
| cobalamin deficiency will present with paresthesia due to its neurologic effects on the posterior columns |
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Term
| What vitamin deficiency presents with subacute combined degeneration in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What autoimmune disease can cause B12 deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is vitamin B12 absorbed specifically in the gut? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin deficiency can be found in a patient with Celiacs disease or crohns diseae? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin deficiency can be associated with the fish tape worm Diphyllobothrium latum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What test is used to determine cause of vitamin B12 deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin is important in the production of purines and therefore DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cofactor is need for the conversion of NE to epi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzymes is biotin a cofactor for? (3) |
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Definition
the carboxylases
pyruvate carboxylase
acetyl CoA carboxylase
propioyl CoA carboxylase |
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Term
| What vitamin is needed as a cofactor for the carboxylase reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin deficiency can you acquire from eating raw eggs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What in raw eggs leads to what vitamin deficieny? |
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Definition
| avidin in egg whites leads to biotin deficiency |
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Term
| A 20 year old man is looking to bulk up and resorts to a high protein diet. He learns in a weight lifting magazine of a food he can eat to add to his protein intake. After the course of several years he is able to put on the extra muscle however to his surprise he is beginning to lose his hair. What vitamin is he deficient in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three functions of vitamin C? |
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Definition
cofactor for lysine and proline hydroxylase in collagen synthesis
cofactor for Dopamine B hydroxylase
keeps iron in reduced state to better its absorption |
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Term
| What vitamin is necessary to keep iron in its reduced state to better its absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of infections can you see an increased amount of calcitriol in and why? |
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Definition
| sarcodosis and other granulomatous diseases because they contain 1a hydroxylase activity |
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Term
| What is the active form of Vit D? |
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Definition
| 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (Calcitriol) |
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Term
| What enzyme is required for Vit D synthesis in the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the storage form of Vitamin D? |
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Definition
| 25 hydroxycholecalciferol |
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Term
| What is the main function of Vitamin E? |
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Definition
| antioxidant and prevent lipid oxidation (atherosclerosis) |
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Term
| What can a deficiency in Vit E lead to with regards to RBC and why? |
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Definition
hemolytic anemia b/c RBC are especially suseptable to free radicals since they are always exposed to oxygen
w/o Vit E they have less antioxidant power |
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Term
| What enzyme is vitamin K a cofactor for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is Vitamin K synthesized? |
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Definition
| in the intestine by the flora |
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Term
| How can clindamycin lead to hemorrhage? |
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Definition
| clindamycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that can lead to decreased intestinal flora and therefore less production of vitamin K |
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Term
| Why are infants given an injection of Vit K at birth? |
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Definition
| b/c they have sterile intestines and inability to produce Vit K -->risk of hemorrhage |
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