Term
|
Definition
- inferolateral border: zygomatic bone
- frontal border: roof of the orbit
- posteriomedial border: ethmoid bone
- posterior border: greater and lesser wings of the ethmoid
- floor and medial border: maxilla
- small part of posterior border: palatine bone |
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Term
| the optic canal is the ___ ___of the ___ bone. |
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Definition
| - lesser wing of sphenoid bone |
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Term
| the superior orbital fissure is in the ___ ___ of the ___ bone. |
|
Definition
- greater wing
- sphenoid bone |
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Term
| the inferior orbital fissure is between the ___ and the ___ ___ of the ____. |
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Definition
- maxilla
- greater wing of the sphenoid |
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Term
| the optic canal contains what: |
|
Definition
- optic nerve
- opthalamic artery |
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Term
| the inferior orbital fissure contains the: |
|
Definition
- maxillary nerve V2
- zygomatic branch of V2 |
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Term
| superior orbital fissure contents: |
|
Definition
- CN III oculomotor
- CN IV trochlear
- CN VI abducens
- branches of opthalamic nerve V1
- superior opthalamic vein |
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|
Term
| the eyeball and extraocular muscles are surrouned by ____ fat. This fat is enclosed by the ____, which is a ___ that serves as the periosteum of the orbit and is loosely attached to the bones of the orbit. |
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Definition
- retrobulbar
- periorbita
- fascia |
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|
Term
| The levator palpebrae superioris muscle is found in the upper eyelid and is supplied by what cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
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Term
| the conjunctiva is a clear ___ ___ consisting of cells and an underlying ___ ___. |
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Definition
- mucus membrane
- basement membrane |
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Term
| the conjuntiva covers the ____, which is the white part of the eye, and the ___ of the eyelids. |
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Definition
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Term
| conjunctiva acts to ___ the eyeball with __ and ___ and has ___ function. |
|
Definition
- lubricate
- mucus
- tears
- immune |
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Term
| conjuctivitis aka __ ___ is an inflammation of the conjuctiva. |
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Definition
| pink eye, this can be from an allergic reaction or a bacterial infection |
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Term
| the optic nerve (CN II) passes ____ from the posterior part of the eyeball. |
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Definition
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Term
| the optic nerve exits the orbit via the ___ canal. |
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Definition
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Term
| the functional part of the optic nerve orginates from the ___ of the ___ cells in the retina. so the optic nerve is a ___ nerve. |
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Definition
- axons
- ganglion
- central |
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Term
| all extrinsic muscles of the eye are supplied by the ___ nerve, except for superior oblique which is supplied by ___ nerve, and for ___ __ which is supplied by ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- oculomotor nerve (CNIII)
- trochlear nerve (CNIV)
- abducens nerve (CNVI) |
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|
Term
| the levator palbebrae superioris originates on the ___ ___ of the ___ bone and ___ the eyelid. |
|
Definition
- lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
- raises |
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|
Term
| the superior rectus originates on the ___ ___ ___ and acts to rotate the eyeball ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
- common tendinous ring
- superiorly
- medially |
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|
Term
| inferior rectus originates on the __ ___ ___ and acts to rotate the eye ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
- common tendinous ring
- inferiorly
- medially |
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|
Term
| the medial rectus originates on the ___ ___ __ and rotates the eye ___ aka ____ the eye. |
|
Definition
- common tendinous ring
- medially
- adducts |
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|
Term
| lateral rectus originates on the ___ ___ ___ and ___ rotates the eye aka __ the eye. |
|
Definition
- common tendionous ring
- laterally
- ABducts |
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|
Term
| the superior oblique orginates on the body of the ___ bone and functions to rotate the eye ___ and ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the inferior oblique muscle originates on the ___ ___ of the ___ and rotates the eye ___ and ___. |
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Definition
- medial floor
- orbit
- superiorly
- laterally |
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|
Term
| the opthalamic artery is the first branch off of the ___ ___ artery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| branches of the opthalamic artery: |
|
Definition
- central artery of retina
- lacrimal artery
- posterior cillary arteries |
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|
Term
| the central artery of the retina passes through the __ of the optic nerve and enters the ___ at the __ ___ __ to supply the inner retina. |
|
Definition
- meninges
- retina
- optic nerve head |
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|
Term
| what happens if you damage the central artery of the retina? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the blood supply to the iris? |
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Definition
| - long posterior ciliary artery |
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Term
| what is the blood supply to the choroid? |
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Definition
| - short posterior ciliary arteries aka choriocapillaris supplies the retina) |
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Term
| what is the blood supply to the choroid? |
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Definition
| - short posterior ciliary arteries aka choriocapillaris supplies the retina) |
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Term
| blood from the eye enters the ___ veins that drain into the ___ and ___ ___ veins. These veins drain into the ___ sinus, which ultimately drains into the ___ ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- vorticose
- superior and inferior opthalamic veins
- cavernous sinus
- internal jugular vein |
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|
Term
| The ___ nerve arises from the opthalamic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve and enters the orbit through the upper part of the ___ ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- frontal
- superior orbital fissure |
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|
Term
| the frontal nerve is found between what? |
|
Definition
| - levator pallpebra superioris muscle and the periosteum/roof of the orbit |
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|
Term
| what does the frontal nerve do? |
|
Definition
| - provides sensory innervation from the skin of the forehead and upper eyelid, and the mucosa within the frontal sinus |
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|
Term
| branches of the frontal nerve: |
|
Definition
- supraorbital
- supratrochlear |
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|
Term
| what are the three layers of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
- external fibrous tunic- sclera and cornea
- middle vascular tunic- choroid and choriocapillaris
- innermost photoreceptive tunic- retina |
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|
Term
| Externally, the junction of the sclera and cornea is called the ___. Why is this clinically important? |
|
Definition
limbus
- site for injection into vitreous |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- externally, the junction of the sclera and cornea
- where needle is stuck for injection into vitreous to remove floaters |
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|
Term
| the ___ ___ is the site at which the retina ends at the ___ ___ in the ___ of the ___ eyeball. |
|
Definition
- ora serrata
- ciliary body
- periphery
- inner |
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Term
|
Definition
| most peripheral part of retina, where the retina ends |
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Term
| The sclera is the ___ ___ tissue that is the ___ ___ of the eyeball and gives the eye its ___ ___ and ___ color. |
|
Definition
- dense connective
- outer tunic
- tough exterior
- white |
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|
Term
| the optic nerve is myelinated by ___. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the optic nerve exits the eye at the ___ ___ __through the ___ ___ of the ___. |
|
Definition
- optic nerve head
- lamina criboosa
- sclera |
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|
Term
| the ___ is the anterior 1/3 of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cornea consists of what layers, from external to internal? |
|
Definition
1. external corneal epithelium
2. underlying Bowman's membrane
3. stroma, makes up most of the cornea, orientation of collagen fibers here make cornea transparent
4. Descemet's membrane
5. corneal endothelium |
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|
Term
| the outer epithelium of the cornea is: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what separates the anterior part of the eye into 2 chambers? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the ___ controls light to the retina at the opening called the pupil |
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Definition
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Term
| the aqueous humor fills the anterior and posterior chambers. Vitreous body fills the most posterior vitreous chamber. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what muscle is found at the outer edge of the pupil and what does it do? |
|
Definition
- sphincter pupillae muscle
- constricts pupil under intense light |
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|
Term
| what muscles extend radially through the pupil and what do they do? |
|
Definition
- dilator pupillae muscle
- dilate pupil in dim light |
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Term
| the ___ is the heavily vascularized region of the uvea. |
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Definition
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Term
| the layer of the choroid nearest the retina is the ____ that lies near ___ membrane. This membrane is produced by ___ cells and cells of the choroid. |
|
Definition
- choricocapillaris
- Bruch's membrane
- RPE cells |
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|
Term
| Bruch's membrane is made by what? |
|
Definition
| - RPE cells and choroid cells |
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|
Term
| the retina is not vascularized and you do not want it to be, if blood vessels grow here you have: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain retinal detachment: |
|
Definition
- retina separates from RPE cells, if it doesn't reattach you will lose site here
- RPE cells are very important to maintaining vision |
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|
Term
| the ___ ___ is the anterior expansion of the choroid. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cililary processes are regions from which ___ ___ extend to anchor the ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| zonule fibers come from the ___ ___ and serve to anchor the ___. |
|
Definition
- ciliary processes
- lens |
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|
Term
| aqueous humor is is plasma like fluid in the compartment of the eye between the ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - ciliary processes in posterior chamber makes aqueous humor> flows between lens and iris and through pupil to the anterior chamber> drains out of eye via trabecular meshwork> scleral veins> Schlemm's canal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- aka scleral venous sinus or canal of Schlemm
- circular canal in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it to the bloodstream via anterior ciliary veins |
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|
Term
| the trasparent crystaline lens is suspended by __ ____ from ciliary processes of the ciliary body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lens is bathed by what? |
|
Definition
| - aqueous and vitreous humor sense it is the boundary b/w the anterior compartment and posterior vitreous compartment of eye |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| - simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lens capsule
- epithelium on the anterior part
- lens fibers |
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|
Term
| the bulk of the lens consists of lens fibers and mature fibers that lack? |
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Definition
| - organelles and/or nucleus |
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|
Term
| lens fiber cells are ___ and contain ___ proteins. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ capsule of the lens does not have ___. |
|
Definition
- posterior
- epithelium
but the anterior does |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - cloudiness of center of lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cloudiness b/w nuclear and cortical layers of the lens |
|
|
Term
| anterior chamber boundaries: |
|
Definition
- cornea anteriorly
- iris and pupil posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| the posterior chamber boundaries: |
|
Definition
- iris anteriorly
- lens posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| the posterior chamber boundaries: |
|
Definition
- iris anteriorly
- lens posteriorly |
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|
Term
| increased pressure will hurt optic nerve head where optic nerve is, so get blindess called : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blocking flow of aqueous humor in anterior chamber leads to : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with glaucoma, axons of the __ ___ ___are damaged at the ___ ___ resulting in visual complications. |
|
Definition
- retinal ganglion cells
- lamina cribosa |
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|
Term
| the ___ is posterior to the lens and adheres to the retina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- viscous
- contains macrophages called hyalocytes
- type II collagen fibers |
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|
Term
| ___ is 80% of eyeball volume and gives eye its form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitreous is 99% what and its viscosity is what allows eye to return to normal shape after compression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as vitreous thins with age what may happen: |
|
Definition
| - it may detach from retina resuling in floaters aka muscae volintantes aka flying flies |
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|
Term
| the retina has __ layers in a laminated pattern. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the retina has 10 layers, the cornea has 5. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the retina develops from a single layer of ____. The ___ cell is the first cell of the retina to develop. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first cell of the retina to develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells lose functionality in macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of the retina from outermost to vitreal border: |
|
Definition
1. retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
2. outer (OS) and inner (IS) segments - cone and rod photoreceptors
3. outer limiting membrane - junctional complexes between photoreceptors and Muller cells
4. outer nuclear layer (ONL) of cone and rod cell bodies
5. outer plexiform layer (OPL) - synapses of photoreceptors and bipolar neurons
6. inner nuclear layer (INL) - cell bodies of bipolar neurons, and Muller, horizontal and amacrine cells
7. inner plexiform layer (IPL) - synapses of bipolar neurons and ganglion cells
8. ganglion cell layer (GCL) – retinal ganglion cells
9. nerve fiber layer - unmyelinated axons of GC
10. inner limiting membrane - Muller cell processes |
|
|
Term
| what layer of the retina does light strike first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layer of the retina has the rod and cone cell bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the retina consists of 6 different kinds of ___, and ___ cells, and ____. |
|
Definition
- neurons
- Mullerian glial cells
- astrocytes |
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|
Term
| Mullerian glial cells extend from the ___ ___ ___ to the ___ ___ ___ and function as ___ and ___ __ to the retinal cells. |
|
Definition
- inner limiting membrane
- outer limiting membrane
- structural and trophic support to the retinal cells |
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|
Term
| ___ cells are the output cells of the retina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ganglion cell axons extend to the ___ __ ___ and form the ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- nuclear fiber layer
- optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| what forms the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is entering and what is exiting at the optic nerve head? |
|
Definition
- entering: blood vessels
- exiting: unmyelinated ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
| the optic nerve head is a ___ __ b/c you do not have the ___ here. |
|
Definition
- blind spot
- photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| 40% of nerve fibers in the brain are related to vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| site involves more than 1/3 of cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The retina via ___ cells detects light in a retinal image and transforms the light energy into a communicable form of ___ energy. This energy conversion is called ____. |
|
Definition
photoreceptor
chemical
phototransduction |
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|
Term
axons of ganglion cells synpase with neurons in the ___ ___ nucleus of the thalamus and neurons in the ___ ___ and
___ of the midbrain. |
|
Definition
- lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus
- superior colliculus
- pretectum |
|
|
Term
| at center of macula lutea is fovea centralis. what is found in fovea and what is not? |
|
Definition
| - cones are in fovea, not rods |
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