Term
1) sclera
2) uvea
3) retina |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 main regions of the eye? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what eye structure is included as part of the sclera region of the eye? |
|
|
Term
| choroid, ciliary body, iris |
|
Definition
| what eye strcture(s) are included as part of the uvea region of the eye? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick, opaque, white, outer fibrous covering of the eye |
|
|
Term
| aka the extrinsic eye muscles, they insert on the sclera |
|
Definition
| where do extraoccular muscles of the eye (ones that allow eye movement) insert on the eye? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified, transparent anterior portion of the sclera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transitional zone between the cornea and sclera |
|
|
Term
| in the zone between the cornea and sclera known as the limbus |
|
Definition
| where is the canal of Schlemm found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does the canal of Schlemm do? |
|
|
Term
| UV light makes the damage glow with fluorescien dye |
|
Definition
| what shows damage to the cornea? (the cornea can be damaged by abrasion, scratches, and ulceration) |
|
|
Term
1) epithelium
2) Bowman's membrane
3) substantia propria (stroma)
4) Descemet's membrane
5) endothelium |
|
Definition
| what are the 5 layers of the cornea? |
|
|
Term
| non-keratinzed, stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| describe the outer surface of the cornea |
|
|
Term
| dense, regular, CT stroma (the substantia propria) containing fibroblasts called keratocytes |
|
Definition
| describe the layer that makes up the bulk of the cornea |
|
|
Term
| fibroblasts in the cornea that create typ 1 collagen in the substantia propria layer |
|
Definition
| what are keratocytes and where are they found? |
|
|
Term
| single layer of flattened endothelial cells |
|
Definition
| describe the posterior (interior) surface of the cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of collagen is in Descemet's membrane? |
|
|
Term
| fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye could leak out |
|
Definition
| why is it bad if Descemet's membrane is breached? |
|
|
Term
| stratified columnar epithelium (with a large number of goblet cells for lubrication) |
|
Definition
| what kind of epithelia covers the exposed sclera and inside of the eyelids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. |
|
|
Term
| conjunctivitis aka pink eye |
|
Definition
| if the inside of the eyelid and the exposed sclera become inflamed, what is this called? |
|
|
Term
| compound, tubuloacinar glands, similar to salivary glands |
|
Definition
| what kind of glands are the lacrimal glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the antibacterial product secreted by lacrimal glands? |
|
|
Term
| lower eyelid, to the nasopharynx via the nasolacrimal duct |
|
Definition
| tear ducts at the medial canthus of which eyelid drain excess fluid in the eyes? to where? via what duct? |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle orbicularis oculi & levator palpebrae |
|
Definition
| name the muscle of the eyelid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the dense fibroelastic CT plate under the muscles of the eyelid |
|
|
Term
| Meibomian (tarsal) glands |
|
Definition
| name the oily glands in the eye-lid |
|
|
Term
| modified sebaceous glands that secrete oily product |
|
Definition
| what kind of glands are Meibomian glands? |
|
|
Term
| glands of Zeis and glands of Moll |
|
Definition
| name the 2 glands associated with the eyelashes |
|
|
Term
Zeis = sebaceous glands
Moll = apocrine sweat glands |
|
Definition
| what type of glands are glands of Zeis? glands of Moll? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle vascular layer of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of the eye that nourishes the retina |
|
|
Term
| choroid, ciliary body, iris |
|
Definition
| name the components of the uvea |
|
|
Term
| between the sclera and retina |
|
Definition
| where is the choroid layer found? |
|
|
Term
| melanocytes that make melanin |
|
Definition
| what cells are found in the choroid layer that prevent the scattering of light to prevent glare? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the blue/green/silvery layer of the eye that humans don't have that improves night vision and causes the "eye shine" phenomona |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| should you pick up a hitchiker, with a silvery glow in its eyes? |
|
|
Term
| central retinal artery and vein |
|
Definition
| name the vessel that supplies blood tot he retina and choroid |
|
|
Term
| along with the optic nerve, it divides and provides a unique branching pattern of retinal vessels, like a thumbprint |
|
Definition
| how do the central retinal artery and vein enter the eyeball? |
|
|
Term
| the central retinal vessel reflects light and causes a red glow inside the eye |
|
Definition
| what causes the red-eye effect on cameras? |
|
|
Term
| the ciliary body and iris |
|
Definition
| name the thickened anterior portion of the uvea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what kinf od muscle make up the ciliary body and the iris? |
|
|
Term
| the circumferential suspensory ligament aka/made up of zonula fibers (like parachute stings) |
|
Definition
| how does the ciliary body help suppor the lens (name the ligament)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zonula fibers are highly vascularized and pigmented with what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what surrounds the pupil and acts like an aperture that changes in size with changes in ambient light? |
|
|
Term
| constrictor pupillae, dilator papillae |
|
Definition
| name the muscle that constricts the pupil, name the one that dilates it. |
|
|
Term
| the amount of pigment in the stroma: small amount = blue, lots = brown |
|
Definition
| what determines the color of the iris? |
|
|
Term
| the lens changes shape to focus light on the retina via the muscles of the ciliary body |
|
Definition
| what allows for accomodation? |
|
|
Term
| they have no nuclei, and fill with crystallins that form lens fibers |
|
Definition
| describe the cells of the lens |
|
|
Term
| a thick basement membrane that forms the lens capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
aqueous humor in the anterior compartment
vitreous humor in the posterior compartment |
|
Definition
| which humor is in which compartment? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what separates eye into the anterior and posterior compartments? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what separates the anterior compartment into anterior and posterior chambers? |
|
|
Term
thin watery = aqueous humor
thick = vitreous humor |
|
Definition
| which humor is thin and watery like CSF? which is thick and gel-like and supports the globe? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what keeps the lens shape, eye shape, and keeps the retina glued down? |
|
|
Term
| secreted by the ciliary body, drains into the canal of Schlemm at the filtration angle |
|
Definition
| what secretes the fluid of the aqueous humor? what drains it? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what provides nutrients to the lens and cornea since they are avascular structures? |
|
|
Term
| it is a non-refractile optical medium for light transmission so that light isn't distorted like when it goes through water |
|
Definition
| what is special about the aqueous humor involving refraction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the inner, photosensitive layer in the posterior eye that contains several layers of neurons and sensory cells |
|
|
Term
| the inner segments have organelles, the outer segments have stacked membrane-bound discs containing photoreceptor pigments |
|
Definition
| what is found in the inner and outer segments of the sensory cells of the retina? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the 2 types of photreceptors? |
|
|
Term
| something that converts light energy into electrical impulses, the photoreceptors (rods and cones) do this |
|
Definition
| what is a transducer? what eye structures are transducers? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which photoreceptors are sensitive to light at 500nm (the green part of the spectrum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which cells do nightvision, which is monochromatic vision? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what do rod cells rely on to function (aka reflectance of light)? |
|
|
Term
| it is needed for visual purple(rhodopsin) which is a light sensitive chemical that allows your eye to adjust to light exposure |
|
Definition
| Why is vitamin A important for vision? |
|
|
Term
| exposure to light -> rhodopsin -> metarhodopsin -> retinal + opsin) |
|
Definition
| describe the light exposure/rhodopsin cascade |
|
|
Term
| cones, most mammals have dichromatic vision (2 types of cones for short and long wavelenghts) humans have trichromatic vision |
|
Definition
| what provides color vision? what do most mammals have? humans? |
|
|
Term
S = short wavelengths, blue (425-450
M = med wavelengths, green (530-550)
L = long wavelenghts, red (560-600) |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 types of cones and their associated colors? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some flowers have a ___ ____ ___ because insects have a 4th cone cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what causes color-blindness |
|
|
Term
| red-green (a form of dichromatic vision) |
|
Definition
| most common type of color-blindness |
|
|
Term
| it is x-linked (sex linked) so men are far more likely to get it |
|
Definition
| what is the inheritence pattern of red-green colorblind-ness? |
|
|
Term
| it is x-linked (sex linked) so men are far more likely to get it |
|
Definition
| what is the inheritence pattern of red-green colorblind-ness? |
|
|
Term
protanopia (lack red cones)
deuteranopia (lack green cones) |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 types of red-green color-blindness? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what do you call a person's disorder who lacks blue cones? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you have a decrease in the number of cones, it leads to color weakness . disorder of this type end in what suffix? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the complete absence of cones and color vision |
|
|
Term
1) neurons
2) pigment cells
3) support cells |
|
Definition
| name the 3 cell types of the retina |
|
|
Term
1) cornea
2) aquesous humor of the anterior chamber
3) pupil
4) aqueous humor of the posterior chamber
5) lens
6) vitreous humor of posterior compartment
7) retina |
|
Definition
| describe the path of light as it enters the eye |
|
|
Term
1) inner limiting membrane
2) afferent nerve fiber axons
3) ganglion cell layer
4) inner plexiform layer
5) inner nuclear layer
6) outer plexiform layer
7) outer nuclear layer
8) outer limiting membrane
9) photoreceptors
10) pigmented epithelial cell layer |
|
Definition
| name the layers of the retina as light would hit them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina is composed of expanded terminal processes of support cells (Muller cells) |
|
|
Term
| the optic nerve fiber layer (afferent nerve fiber axons) |
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina contains unmyelinated axons of ganglion cells on their way to the optic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina is neuron cell bodies of the optic tract neurons with overlying axons on the way to the optic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina is the synapses between interneurons and the optic tract neurons (ganglion cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina contains cell bodies of bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and horizontal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina contains synapses between photoreceptor axons and bipolar or horizontal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina is cell bodies of photoreceptors (rods and cones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina is the layer of intercellular junctions between photreceptors and support cells (Muller cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina is the outer segments of rods and cones |
|
|
Term
| pigmented epithelial cell layer |
|
Definition
| this layer of the retina is a single layer of pigment cells containing melanin adjacent to choroid |
|
|
Term
1) bipolar cells
2) horizontal cells
3) amacrine cells |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 types of integrating (inter) neurons? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are the 3 types of interneurons located in the retina? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most numerous interneurons, make direct connections between photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these interneurons provide lateral connections between photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these internerons connect with bipolar neurons, optic tract neurons, and photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, slender cells that extend from the inner limiting membrane to the outer limiting membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analogous to the neruoglia of the cNS, they function as support cells, physically surrounded by axons of photoreceptor cells |
|
|
Term
| fundus (the opthalmoscope allows fundoscopic examination of the retina |
|
Definition
| name for the back of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior edge of the retina, just posterior to the ciliary body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the center of the visual filed is a 1 sq mm spot on the retina with a concentration of cones known as the |
|
|
Term
all cones, no rods, called the fovea centralis
this gives visual acuity |
|
Definition
| name the central portion of the macula, what cell type does it contain soley? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no cell bodies or blood vessels overly cones in the central ____ |
|
|
Term
| the optic disc (optic papilla) |
|
Definition
| a blind spot in the visual field where axons exit the retina into the optic nerve-no photreceptors are located there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening in the sclera for exiting axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase intraoccular pressure due to increased production or decrease in drainage of aqueos humor that can lead to blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in the lens associated with aging due to cross linking of proteins leading to clouding of the lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to the accumulation of lipid within the choroid, leading to loss of cones int he macula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age-related inability to change the shape of the lens during accomodation due to decreased reiliency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to retinal tears/head trama. treated by reattaching the retina with a laser |
|
|
