Term
| CP of Giant Cell Arteritis |
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Definition
Headache, temproal tenderness, jaw claudication, fevers, malaise, shoulder and girdle arthritis (polymyalgia rheumatica), transient blackouts in vision
white/chalky and swollen disc seen with fundoscopy, APD |
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Term
| Explain afferent pupillary defect |
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Definition
tested by shining a bright and focused light from one eye to the other. The initial response in each pupil should be constriction and both pupils should remain small. If there is a left afferent pupillary defect then the both pupils will dilate when the light is directed at the left eye and both will constrict when the light is directed at the right eye. It is NOT an indicator of visual acuity but indicates dysfunction at the level of the optic nerve or diffuse retinal dysfunction. |
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Term
| CP of increased intracranial pressure vision loss |
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Definition
| transient blackouts are positional |
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Term
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Definition
· monocular vision loss caused by a lack of adequate blood flow to the retina. It is most often embolic, but can also be vasospastic, hypoperfusion, hyperviscosity of the blood, or unknown cause. |
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Term
| Differential EP between Amaurosis Fugax and migraines |
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Definition
· Patients with amaurosis fugax are typically older and have cardiac risk factors while patients with migraines are typically younger and often have a history of headache.
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Term
| CP for retinal detachment |
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Definition
o May have no symptoms, but classically are preceded by flashing lights, a rush of new small floaters, and a curtain/shadow/veil across a portion of the vision in one eye |
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Term
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Definition
If there is every a young, healthy women with ANY diagosis that can be attributed to being hypercoagulable… don’t forget to ask about oral contraceptives and smoking. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Angle Closure precautions |
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Definition
| DO NOT dilated unless there is a patent peripheral iridectomy (hole in the iris other than the pupil) to prevent exacerbation of the angle closure |
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Term
| What anopsia does a middle cerebral artery lesion cause? |
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Definition
| a contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopsia or hemianopsia |
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Term
| Describe the cells of the visual pathway |
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Definition
| rods and cones (neuron 1), bipolar cells (neuron 2), ganglion cells (neuron 3, lateral geniculate nucleus, primary visual cortex (occipital lobe) |
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Term
| prosopagnosia- definition and disease association |
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Definition
failure of facial recognition
Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
| Where is a visual image inverted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the underlying disease of central scatoma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tumor can cause bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe subthalamic syndrome |
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Definition
| hemiballism of the contralateral side |
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Term
| CP of increased intracranial pressure |
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Definition
| transient blackouts of vision that are classically positional (wrose with head down) |
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Term
| what is the treatment if GCA is expected? |
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Definition
| start high dose steroids due to risk of bilateral disease, then proceed with further work up |
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Term
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Definition
| a monocular vison loss caused by a lack of adequate blood flowto the retina. It is most often embolic, but can also be vasospastic, hypoperfusion, hyperviscosity of the blood or unknown cause. |
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Term
| IF there is ever a young, healthy woman with any diagnosis that can be attributed to being hypercoaguable, such as acute vision loss... |
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Definition
| ask about oral contraceptives and smoking, CRVO/ CRAO |
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Term
| cherry red spot is a buzz word for |
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Definition
| metabolic storage diseases- Tay Sachs, Hurlers, Niemann Pick's |
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Term
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Definition
| "ketchup and mustard" fundus due to hemorrhage alternating with focal ischemic areas |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis, morphology and clinical features of Graves' Ophthalmopathy. |
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Definition
| This is the leading cause of proptosis in adults. The proptosis is often asymmetric and can even appear to be unilateral. Orbital inflammation and engorgement of the extraocular muscles, particularly the medial rectus and the inferior rectus, account for the protrusion of the globe. Lid retraction is the most common and other symptoms include corneal exposure, lid retraction, conjunctival injection, restriction of gaze, diplopia, and visual loss from optic nerve compression. |
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Term
| How is Grave's ophthalmopathy treated? |
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Definition
| Acute Graves Ophthalmopathy is treated with topical lubricants as well as high dose oral/IV steroids. Radiation therapy is effective in some cases. Emergent orbital decompression may be required if there is compression of the optic nerve not responding to medical management and causing vision loss. Following the acute stage, topical lubricants are also used. If surgery is required, it is typically done “from the inside out” by starting with orbital decompression, followed by possible eye muscle surgery, followed by possible eyelid surgery. |
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