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| The cross over between the two nations. Narrows the gap of the ocean to show that there are many similarities and influences on each other. |
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| identify yourself by NOT being something (ex: NOT British; NOT American; NOT French) |
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| ways of knowing; (Blithedale- unstable because don't know if you can trust narrator) |
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| Nation is better than other nations. Pride. |
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| authors persona just as important as their works (Ex: Byron) |
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| There was no legal system governing the literature copies between nations. (ex: Dickens was a best seller in America but got no money) |
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| when they are published in a series- like in newspapers. |
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Byron commercialized everything he did but other poets it was about beauty for beauty's sake. (poets decided to write for art and make less money or write commercially and risk losing your soul)
Ex: Melville |
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| Rebirth, thought, defined by contradictions, Newton and Locke. Turn from religion to science and philosophy. |
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| reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature;complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century |
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| 1st/2nd/3rd Generation Romanticism |
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| is the name given to the attitudes, art, and culture of the latter two-thirds of the 19th century; influenced by Industrial Revolution; shifted focus to cities |
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| ajor changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. |
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| Romance (superhuman) evolves to realism, not appreciated. Novel doesn't do a whole lot until 1740's |
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| roots of horror writings. Transatlantic (established in Britain). |
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| Go and make fortune and come back to England. (In Persuasion- Wentworth goes and makes fortune and returns). |
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| repetitive, story-poem, singsongy, short lines. |
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| short, natural, completative |
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| elaborate, lyrical verse, Usually structured in three parts.- Keats, Shelley |
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| 14 line poem, poses question or problem, works through it, ends with solution or answer. Used by Shelley to mock Wordsworth |
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| unrhymed iambic pentameter. No stanzas but broken into uneven units (Darkness- Byron; Milton and Wordsworth) |
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| Use in Shelley's Ode to the West Wind |
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| used in Byron's Don Juan (style that show off) |
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| The communication in form of letter between equals complaining about social ills. (keats ?) |
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| rhyming each syllable of 3 syllable words as used in Don Juan (ex: intellectual and henpectual) |
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| ex: Lady of Shallot- woman artist creating away from the world, moments she enters the world she must die, deals with issue of art vs. commerce...stating there are no rewards by entering the world- lose your soul. |
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a type of poem, favored by many poets in the Victorian period, in which a character in fiction or in history delivers a speech explaining his or her feelings, actions, or motives. The monologue is usually directed toward a silent audience, with the speaker's words influenced by a critical situation.
Ex: My Last Duchess; Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister, Fran Lippi Lippo(Browning); Ulysses (Tennyson) |
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| works by woman writers prior to Jane Austen writing about people in the home. (often behavioral books: how to be a good wife- reinforced the gender code of woman looking pretty and being "well behaved" ) |
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stype of character
outcast, but looked up to as genius
gloomy, disgusted with the world, dark and lurking. |
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| he belief that women have equal political, social, sexual, intellectual and economic rights to men (Persuasion) |
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| he philosophical view that the truth value of certain claims — particularly metaphysical claims regarding theology, afterlife or the existence of deities, ghosts, or even ultimate reality — is unknown or, depending on the form of agnosticism, inherently impossible to prove or disprove. It is often mistakenly put forth as a middle ground between theism and atheism |
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| rejection of theism; belief in the nonexsistence of Gods |
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| God created the world and then just let it go on its own (clock-maker). |
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| God, as a physical being, is in everything (tree, wood), Transcendentalists (Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Whitman) |
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| Tennyson and Keats bring up the medieval, gothic |
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ex: Poe- producing an emotional effect not moral piece of art that is beautiful but not moral.
Art for arts sake
Keats "negative capability"- not knowing what author means in art remains negative in knowledge. Do not need morals thrown in art. Beauty itself leads you to a moral but don't need moral. (opposite of didacticism) |
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| preachy, very obvious moral |
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Art about art (poem about art of literature)
Contrast between power of poetry and power of visual art. |
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| The moral is not directly stated but left unknown and up to the interpreting. Showing beauty and letting YOU arrive at the truth. |
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prevailing view among upper and middle class white women during the nineteenth century, in Great Britain and the United States.
According to the ideals of the cult of domesticity, women were supposed to embody perfect virtue in all senses
Persuasion- goes against social norms of domesticity |
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| Second generation of Romantic poets. Turned away from religion, atheist, expressed doubt. Revered rebellious characters such as Satan in Paradise Lost. |
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| Crevecour. Get what you earn. (Wentworth?) |
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ultra-elite with hereditary titles and estates. (.00008% pop)
Lord, Lady, due, marquis, earl, viscount, baron. Males get seat in House of Lords. (lowest:baronet) |
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| Old, respectable families, income-producing estates, no physical labor for wealth. Less social prestige. Usually no profession |
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| Under the main social line- Have to work. Top end of wealthy merchants. "old blood" even if wealthy. |
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| 1819 (13 died, hundreds wounded, suggested that the gov cares nothing- killed starving protestors). Inspired "England in 1819" by Shelley. |
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| military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century. |
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| insane, America declares independence from him, tyrrant |
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| Prince Regant, in charge during III reign because III was crazy. |
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| Queen Victoria, Her reign as the Queen lasted 63 years and seven months,Victorian era, a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom; granddaughter of George III |
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Married to Wollstonecraft, father of Mary Shelley.
English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism |
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| Married to Godwin, mother of Mary Shelley |
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| wife of Percy Shelley, Frankenstein, |
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| Elizabeth Barrett Browning |
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| Wife of Robert Browning, successful poet, husband not successful. |
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| opposes the trinity, God is one being up in heaves, Christ has moral authority but is not a God. |
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protest against the general state of culture and society- specifically Harvard Divinity School, ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.
(Emerson, Thoreau) |
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| living economically, simplify, your personal economy and living circumstances, political economies of the world, rising up capitalism, Oikos-house in Greek- actual building of his house. |
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| Food, Clothing, Shelter, Fuel |
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| how characters identify with eachother; communicating and understanding feelings; allows societies to cohere |
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| Poe- Philosophy of Composition (poetry should not be preachy or have an overt didactic claim- compromises artistic beauty); relates to aesthetic of ambiguity- prioritize aesthetic quality over overt moralizing or preaching. |
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rhyme which occurs in a single line of verse.
"The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe
(Ex: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary) |
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poetic meter that has eight trochaic metrical feet per line. Each foot has one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable.
"The Raven- Poe |
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| government by mob or a mass of people |
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| period ca 1876 - 1914 characterized by renewed national self-confidence and a feeling that the United States was the heir to Greek democracy, Roman law, and Renaissance humanism. The American preoccupation with national identity. |
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| utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s, inspired in part by the ideals of Transcendentalism,Nathaniel Hawthorne was a founding member of Brook Farm, though he was not a strong adherent of the community's ideals. |
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| model of socialism, very systematic, hard to implement, socialist ideas carried to the extreme (Coverdale and Hollingsworth). based on ideas of French utopian socialist and philosopher. Fourier is credited by modern scholars with having originated the word féminisme in 1837; liberty of women was the general principle of all social progress. |
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| Melville. (Think of the grayness of Benito); prioritize aesthetic quality over overt moralizing or preaching. |
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