Term
| Name the 3 main growth classes of cells that comprise a tumor |
|
Definition
1. dividing
2. temporarily non-dividing
3. permanently non-dividing |
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|
Term
| chemotherapy kills a constant _________ of cells not a constant _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cell cycle phase specific drugs act within ___ phase(s) of the cell cycle |
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Definition
|
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Term
| an agent that kills cells regardless of their phase in the cell cycle would be called a __________ drug. Its cytotoxicity relies on the cell ___________ or _____________. |
|
Definition
| cell cycle nonspecific, dividing, repairing its DNA |
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Term
| the alkylating agent that is most important in veterinary medicine is ___________ |
|
Definition
| cyclophosphamide (cytoxan) |
|
|
Term
| name the 6 major classes of anticancer drugs |
|
Definition
1. alkylating agents
2. Antimetabolites
3. Antitumor antibiotics
4. Plant alkaloids
5. Adrenal corticosteroids
6. Miscellaneous |
|
|
Term
| describe the mechanism of action of alkylating agents |
|
Definition
| they create covalent cross linking between DNA strands upsetting normal base pair arrangements |
|
|
Term
| list the 3 alkylating agents most commonly used in veterinary medicine |
|
Definition
1. cyclophosphamide (cytoxan)
2. chlorambucil (leukeran)
3.melphalan (alkeran) |
|
|
Term
| what cancers is cyclophosphamide used for? |
|
Definition
| lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma |
|
|
Term
| what cancers is chlorambucil (leukeran) used for? |
|
Definition
| lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
|
|
Term
| what cancers is melphalan (alkeran) used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the mechanism of action of antimetabolites and if they are cell cycle phase specific or non-specific |
|
Definition
| these are structural analogues of normal metabolites needed for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. they are cell cycle phase specific ( most active in S phase) |
|
|
Term
| list the 6 most commonly used antimetabolites used in veterinary medicine |
|
Definition
1. cytosine arabinoside
2. methotrexate
3. 5-fluorouracil
4. 6-thioguanine
5. 6-mercaptopurine
6. azathioprine |
|
|
Term
| what is cytosine arabinoside (cytosar-U) used to treat? |
|
Definition
| acute leukemia and lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| what is methotrexate (methotrexate) used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is 5-flurouracil (5-FU) used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is 6-thioguanine used to treat? |
|
Definition
| acute myelogenous leukemia |
|
|
Term
| what is 6-mercaptopurine (purinethol) used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is azathioprine (imuran) used to treat? |
|
Definition
| immune mediated hematologic diseases |
|
|
Term
| methotrexate is an antimetabolite that binds _______ thereby restricting availability of __________ which is necessary for DNA, RNA and __________ synthesis |
|
Definition
| dihydrofolate reductase, tetrahydrofolic acid (folic acid), protein |
|
|
Term
| describe the mechanism of action for antitumor antibiotics. are the cell cycle phase specific or non-specific? |
|
Definition
| they intercalate adjoining nucleotide pairs thereby inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. they are cell cycle phase non-specific. |
|
|
Term
| name the 3 antitumor antibiotic drugs most commonly used |
|
Definition
1. doxorubicin (adriamycin)
2. bleomycin (blenoxane)
3. actinomycin D (dactinomycin) |
|
|
Term
| doxorubicin (adriamycin) is used to treat? |
|
Definition
| lymphoma, leukemia, carcinoma, sarcoma |
|
|
Term
| bleomycin (benoxane) is used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| actinomycin D (dactinomycin) is used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the mechanism of action of plant alkaloids and what plants they are extracted from |
|
Definition
| they damage the microtubular spindle proteins which results in metaphase arrest. they are produced from the periwinkle and may-apple plants. |
|
|
Term
| list the 4 most commonly used plant alkaloid drugs in chemotherapy |
|
Definition
1. vincristine (oncovin)
2. vinblastine (velban)
3.vinorelbine (navelbine)
4. etoposide (VePesid) |
|
|
Term
| vincristine (oncovin) is used to treat? |
|
Definition
| lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma |
|
|
Term
| vinblastine (velban) is used to treat? |
|
Definition
| lymphoma, mast cell tumors |
|
|
Term
| vinorelbine (navelbine) is used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| etoposide (VePesid) is used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two main roles of corticosteroids in cancer therapeutics are: |
|
Definition
1. direct destruction of tumor cells with steroid receptors
2. control of paraneoplastic syndromes such as immune mediated hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| how do tumor cells that are destroyed by glucocorticoids undergo cell death? |
|
Definition
| by activation of endonucleases that disrupt nuclear DNA triggering apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| megesterol acetate (sex steroid) is occasionally used as an _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the mechanism of action of cisplatin (platinol) and what cancers are treated with this. is it cell cycle phase specific or non-specific? |
|
Definition
| the platinum-chloride salt complex binds nucleotides resulting in inter and intrastrand crosslinking of DNA. it is used to treat osteosarcoma, carcinoma and lymphoma. it is cell cycle phase non-specific |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of carboplatin, what does it treat and is it cell cycle phase specific or non specific? |
|
Definition
| same MOA as cisplatin (crosslinks DNA strands), used in osteosarcoma, carcinoma and lymphoma, used more than cisplatin now, used in cats, cell cycle phase non-specific |
|
|
Term
| describe the mechanism of action of L-asparaginase (Elspar) and what it treats |
|
Definition
| it converts plasma asparagine to aspartic acid blocking protein synthesis. treats lymphoma and lymphoblastic leukemia. |
|
|
Term
| describe the mechanism of action of DTIC (decarbazine, DTIC) and what it treats |
|
Definition
| it acts as a alkylating agent and antimetabolite. works on malignant melanoma and lymphoma whe combined with doxorubicin. |
|
|
Term
| what is metronomic dosing of chemotherapeutic agents and what are the two primary goals of this treatment technique? |
|
Definition
this is the continuous administration of small doses of cytotoxic agents.
Goals: 1. anti-angiogenic effect 2. immunostimulatory effect |
|
|
Term
| name three indications for chemotherapy |
|
Definition
1. primarily indicated for systemic and metastatic neoplasms
2. useful adjuvant treatment following incomplete excision
3. indicated for the control of micrometastatic disease following removal of tumor with know metastatic potential |
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