Term
| How many cusps does the aortic valve have normally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three histological layers to the aortic and mitral valve? |
|
Definition
fibrosa
spongiosus
ventricularis |
|
|
Term
| In the mitral valve versus the aortic valve, how does the spongiosus layer differ? |
|
Definition
| the spongiosus layer of the mitral valve near its base has muscle |
|
|
Term
What is the spongiosus mainly composed of in the
a. aortic valve?
b. mitral valve? |
|
Definition
a. glycoaminoglycans
b. glycoaminoglycans
muscle |
|
|
Term
| Where does the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve mostly connect to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the posterior mitral valve mostly connect to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What infection is acute rheumatic fever secondary to? |
|
Definition
| group A Beta hemolytic strep |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common age group to have acute rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common valves to be affected in Acute Rheumatic Fever in order? |
|
Definition
| mitral, aortic, tricuspid, pulmonary |
|
|
Term
| Are there bacteria present in the heart in acute rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What criteria is used to diagnosis acute rheumatic fever and what are the major criteria (7)? |
|
Definition
Jones Criteria
Fever
Migratory polyartheritis
Erythemia Marginatum
skin lesions
Aschoff bodies/anitschkow "myocyte"
subcutaneous nodules
chorea |
|
|
Term
| What type of sound will you hear with pancarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true of the polyarthritis in acute rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two characteritics of the erythema marginatum in acute rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true of the subcutaneous nodules in acute rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
they come in crops
transient
painless |
|
|
Term
| What is chorea? (st. vitus dance) |
|
Definition
| rapid upper extremity movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflamation surrounded by lymphocytes
granuloma |
|
|
Term
| Can you see Aschoff bodies in old rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
| yes but they are most common in acute rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
What are Anitschkow cells?
What do they look like? |
|
Definition
they are actually macrocytes that become catapillar like with linear chromatin
they look like myocytes |
|
|
Term
| What occurs to the chordae tendenae in rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
| they thicken due to inflammatory cells and subsequently fuse |
|
|
Term
| What is a McCallen patch? |
|
Definition
a jet lesion usually in the atrium on the posterior wall due to atrial regurgitation
some question whether it may actually just be due to the Rhuematic Fever |
|
|
Term
| How is the verrucae characterized in rheumatic fever endocarditis? (where, how large, do they emboli) |
|
Definition
at the line of closure
small
- non-embolitic |
|
|
Term
| What is true of the vascularity in chronic rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
neovascularity
There are vessels that remain |
|
|
Term
| What is the most obvious sign of a valve in the heart that indicateds rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can the mitral stenosis of rheumatic heart disease lead to? 2 |
|
Definition
CHF (vascular pulmonary resistance)
arrhythmia
|
|
|
Term
| How is the mitral valve lesion described secondary to acute rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of arrhythmia is common to develop in rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the extra heart sound heard in rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How large are the verrucae in infectious endocarditis? Do they form emboli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does endocarditis cause stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two medical conditions that would predispose someone to marantic endocarditis? |
|
Definition
hypercoagulable state
cancer |
|
|
Term
| What type of valve does acute bacterial endocarditis general infect? |
|
Definition
| a valve with normal wear and tear |
|
|
Term
| Where and how large are the verraccous lesions in Libman-Sacks endocarditis? |
|
Definition
they are on both sides of the valve and are
small |
|
|
Term
| What two diseases is libman-sacks endocarditis associated with? |
|
Definition
SLE causes LSE
anti phospholipid antibody syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are three causes of calcific aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
rheumatic fever
aging
bicuspid aortic valve |
|
|
Term
| How can calcific aortic stenosus be divided by cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can one differentiate calcific aortic stenosis caused by rheumatic origin versus senile (aged related)? |
|
Definition
Senile has no mitral invovlement
The NODULES are at the BASE of the valve
no fusion of chordae |
|
|
Term
| What is the only definative treatment of calcific aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What ventricle will hypertrophy in calcific aortic stenosis?
What will happen to the A2 component of S2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two major complications of calcific aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
angina- b/c less flow to coronary arteries
sudden death |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common reason for valve replacement in adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gene is associated in bicuspid aortic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the initial calcification occur in a bicuspid aortic valve and what does it cause? |
|
Definition
in the raphe
causes stenosis |
|
|
Term
| What is true of the symptoms in both bicuspid aortic stenosis in younger patients and in Libman Sacks endocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four risk factors of calcific aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two mechanisms of forming calcific aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
dystrophic calcification
bone formation |
|
|
Term
| What type of crystals form in dystrophic calcification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the serum calcium become elevated in dystropic calcification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does myxomatous degeneration often lead to in the mitral valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valve is myxomatous degeneration more common in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gene is responsible for myxomatous degeneration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two genetic disorders are associated with Myxomatous degeneration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histologically, which layer of the mitral valve is affected in myxomatous degeneration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mid diastolic snap would suggest what cardiac abnormality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valvular disease is associated with thinning elongation, and tearing of the chordae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does one develop thrombi in mitral valve prolapse, the atrial or ventricular side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true about the symptoms in mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Umbrella leaflets correspond to what valvular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is carcinoid heart disease caused by? |
|
Definition
GI tumor that secrets amines
they are usually degraded in the liver, but when it is not functioning they get to the right side of the heart cause damage and then get metabolized in the lung by MAO, so the left side not effected |
|
|
Term
| The lesions found and Carcinoid heart disease can be mimicked with what two drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common valve that carcinoid heart disease damages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common tumor of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does atrial myxoma often cause thrombi? |
|
Definition
| b/c the tumor is floating around in the atrium and its pudunculated form allows easy sluffing off |
|
|
Term
| What valvular diseases can Ergot and Fen phen cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
