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| The respiratory system is responsible for: |
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| supplying oxygen to the blood and expelling waste gases, of which carbon dioxide is the primary constituent, from the body. |
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| The upper structures of the respiratory system are combined with the: |
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| the sensory organs of smell and taste (in the nasal cavity and the mouth) and the digestive system (from the oral cavity to the pharynx). |
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| specialized respiratory organs diverge into the airway. |
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| The larynx, or voice box, is located at the: |
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| the head of the trachea, or windpipe. |
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| The trachea extends down to the: |
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| the bronchi which branch off at the tracheal bifurcation to enter the hilus of the left or right lung. |
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| The lungs contain the narrower passageways, or bronchioles, which carry air to the: |
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| the functional unit of the lungs, the alveoli. |
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| here, in the thousands of tiny alveolar chambers, oxygen is transferred through the membrane of the alveolar walls to the: |
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| the blood cells into the air in the alveoli, to be expelled upon exhalation. |
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| intermediate air passages within the lungs. |
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| The structure of the bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
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| a large thin muscle below the lungs. |
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| the lungs and protect them from friction against the wall of the thorax. |
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| The pleura is formed of two layers: |
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| he visceral and parietal pleura - between which is lubricated by serous fluid. The parietal pleura is the exterior layer of this pulmonary pleural sac, which continues to the thorax wall, the mediastinal membrane, and the diaphragm muscle. |
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| The fundamental purpose of breathing is |
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| is to supply oxygen (O2) to the tissue cells and to remove carbon dioxide (CO2). |
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| takes place in the tissue cells |
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between roof of mouth and brain
heat and moisture |
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| passageway for foods, liquids and air |
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| passageways for food, and liquid to stomach |
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| is a passageway for air to and from lungs |
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| Leaf-shaped structure covering the entrance to the larynx. It prevents food or liquid entering the lungs when a person swallows |
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| 2 main air tubes which enter each lung |
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external respiration
bronchus subdivides into brachial tree
divides again and again getting smaller and smaller, the smallest called bronchioles
terminal bronchioles contain a whole cluster of air sacs known as alveoli (look like clusters of grapes) |
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| exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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| The diaphragm is a muscular partition separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
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Definition
-chemo-receptors measure levels of C02 in the blood
-medulla sends signal to spinal cord.
-spinal cord (C4)
-phrenic nerve carries signal to and inter coastal muscles
-diaphragm - chest wall (muscles contract)
-parietal pleura – portion of the pleura which extends from the lungs and covers the sides of the pericardium, chest wall and diaphragm. Chest out, diaphram down.
-visceral pleura – pleural lining surrounding the lungs
-negative pressure
-air rushes in
-muscles relax (weight of chest wall and abdomen)
-lung deflates (balloon effect)
-air rushes out |
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- increase resistance with depth
- density of gas increases resistance
- respiratory rate increases causing fatigue of respiratory muscles, overexertion and exhaustion
- the deeper the depth the greater the need for a lighter gas mixture |
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| In order for the body to stay alive, each of its cells must receive a continuous supply of ____ and ______. |
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| ______ _______ and other materials produced by the cells must be picked up for removal from the body. |
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| The primary circulatory system consists of the _____ and _____ _______. |
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| A subsystem of the circulatory system, the _________ system, collects interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood. |
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| The heart pumps oxygen rich blood from the lungs to all parts of the body through a network of ________, and smaller branches called __________. |
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| Blood returns to the heart via small _______, which lead to the larger veins. |
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| A network of tiny ___________ is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells takes place. |
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| The average adult has about ___ litres of blood and over ______ miles of blood vessels in their body. |
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-Transportation
02, C02, food, heat, minerals, hormones
- Combat Infection
help fight infection, and prevention (immunity) |
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| Composition of the Blood: |
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Definition
ERYTHROCYTE - (RED BLOOD CELL)
LEUKOCYTE - (WHITE BLOOD CELL)
PLATELETS |
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| What do the ERYTHROCYTES do? |
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| Haemoglobin bonds with oxygen. Carries oxygen from lungs to tissues |
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| What do the LEUKOCYTES do? |
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| Destroys certain pathogens, fights infection |
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| What do the PLATELETS do? |
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Definition
Blood clotting or coagulation
Anti-coagulant (aspirin, heparin)
02 and c02 exchange in capillary bed |
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| Blood Pressure is broken up into 2 categories: |
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Definition
-Systolic - contraction
-Diastolic - between beats - heart is filling |
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| Normal Blood Pressure is: |
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| (low blood pressure) 100/60 |
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| (high blood pressure) 140/90 |
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| Blood Vessels - Arteries: |
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| arteries carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body |
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| veins return blood to the heart |
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| Blood Vessels - capillaries: |
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Definition
| connect smaller arteries and veins - arterioles and venules |
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| Blood Vessels - capillary bed: |
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The sum of the pressures of the individual gases (in an enclosed area) is equal to the pressure of the whole.
PP(gas) = %(gas) X absolute pressure (ATA) |
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| The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration toward areas of lower concentration |
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Route of Blood
Through the Heart |
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Definition
blood returns to the heart by the inferior and superior vena cava to the right atrium
from the right atrium it travels to the right ventricle
from the right ventricle it is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
at the lungs CO2 is exchanged for O2
blood returns to the heart from the lungs through the pulmonary veins
blood returns to the heart from the lungs to the left atrium
blood travels from the left atrium to the left ventricle
blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta to all parts of the body |
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Definition
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole in the heart that didn't close the way it should after birth.
During fetal development, a small flap-like opening — the foramen ovale (foh-RAY-mun oh-VAY-lee) — is usually present between the right and left upper chambers of the heart. It normally closes during infancy. When the foramen ovale doesn't close, it's called a patent foramen ovale. |
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| a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body. |
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1) reduced oxygen supply
2) blockage of respiratory system
3) Circulatory Impairment |
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| reduced oxygen supply | Causes |
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| Gas supply to diver is shut off or it is a wrong mix |
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| blockage of respiratory system | Causes |
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Definition
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| Circulatory Impairment Causes |
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Heart failure
Low volume (hypovolemic shock)
Hemoglobin insufficiency
CO present |
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| Hypoxia and Breath-hold Diving |
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Definition
- hyperventilation (blow off CO2)
- delayed (CO2) stimulus to breathe
- lack of O2
- hypoxia |
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| Signs and Symptoms of Hypoxia |
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Definition
cyanosis
headache
euphoria
fatigue
in-coordination
unconsciousness
respiratory and cardiac failure |
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ABC’s
100% O2
fresh air environment |
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| Two Types of Oxygen Toxicity |
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Definition
1) pulmonary oxygen poisoning
2) CNS oxygen toxicity |
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| pulmonary oxygen poisoning takes place in the: |
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| Oxygen toxicity involving the lungs |
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| CNS oxygen toxicity take place in the: |
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Definition
| Oxygen toxicity involving the central nervous system |
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| Oxygen toxicity is a possibility in the following: |
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Definition
- closed and semi-closed re-breathers
- mixed gas diving
- O2 in decompression (especially in the water)
- treatment (O2 treatment tables) |
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| Development of Oxygen Toxicity depends on: |
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Definition
1) partial pressure of O2
2) duration of exposure
3) exercise
4) individual variation in susceptibility |
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| Decrease Possibility of O2 Poisoning: |
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Definition
1) interrupt O2 breathing (air breaks)
2) stay at rest
3) observation by tender
4) limit exposure (PPO2) |
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| Signs and symptoms of CNS Oxygen Poisoning (Con-Ventid) |
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Definition
CON- (convulsions)
V - visual disturbance (tunnel vision)
E - ears - acoustic hallucinations tinnitus
N - nausea
T - twitching
I - irritability
D - dizziness |
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| Treatment of CNS Oxygen Toxicity |
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Definition
remove O2 BIB
stop ascending
protect but don’t restrain victim |
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Definition
| do not bring diver to surface while convulsing. Send standby diver in to assist and bring diver to surface after convulsion. Switch diver to air or heliox. Be prepared to treat for air embolism. |
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Term
| Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity Features |
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Definition
Seen in long exposures to oxygen breathing at relatively low levels of oxygen.
- saturation diving (stay below 0.5 ata)
- treatment tables (extensions, recurrence) |
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| Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Oxygen Poisoning |
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Definition
-mild trachea irritation
-cough, especially on deep inspiration
-substernal pain - worse with deep inspiration
-cough worsens over time and gets to be uncontrollable
-fall in vital capacity
-atelectasis – the collapse or closure of alveoli resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange |
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| Prevention of Pulmonary O2 Poisoning |
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Definition
- intermittent exposure (air breaks)
- humidify oxygen being breathed
- be aware of early signs and symptoms |
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| TREATMENT OF PULMONARY O2 POISONING |
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Definition
-switch to air table
- humidify oxygen being breathed
- sometimes have to overlook minor symptoms in order to receive benefits of oxygen (serious DCS such as spinal or cerebral DCS) |
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Term
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Definition
-Cold water shock likely causes more deaths than hypothermia
-Cold water shock refers to those physiological responses that occur immediately upon immersion in cold water
-Hypothermia occurs over a longer time course and this refers to the gradual decline in core body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
Cold Water Shock – last about 1 minute
-Gasping then hyperventilation (risk of drowning and risk of heart attack)
-Keep head out of water
-Enter water slowly if possible
-Keep calm - get breathing under control |
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Term
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Definition
Cold Incapacitation - lasting 2-15 minutes depending on water temperature
-Muscles don't work as well in cold temps
-Perform self rescue / keep warm
-Get out of the water as much as possible. |
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Term
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Definition
Hypothermia - as long as 30 minutes to set in
- May Become Conscious or Unconscious
- Heart may still be beating even though unconscious, so it is important to wear a lifejacket. |
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Definition
Post Rescue Collapse
- Feeling of rescue may cause mental relaxation, lack of stamina. May no longer be able to maintain blood pressure to be able to move. |
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Definition
A condition resulting from lowering the body temperature.
Water conducts heat approximately 25 times faster than air. |
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Term
| 3 Stages of Hypothermia: Stage 1 |
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Definition
MILD
core temperature drops from 37oC to 34oC
increased activity
skin vasoconstriction
shivering (can be uncontrollable)
increase in 02 consumption |
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Term
| 3 Stages of Hypothermia: Stage 2 |
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Definition
MODERATE
core temp. drop from 34oC to 30oC
cardiac and respiratory rates increase initially
speech impaired
loss of memory
sensory function impaired (confusion, hallucinations, delusions)
motor function impaired |
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Term
| 3 Stages of Hypothermia: Stage 3 |
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Definition
SEVERE
-core temperature less than 30oC
-shivering stops, failure to recognize familiar people, muscles rigid, no response to pain
-cardiac and respiratory rate decrease dramatically
-ventricular fibrillation
-loss of consciousness
-death |
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Term
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Definition
- water temperature
- duration of exposure
- insulating materials
- gas mixture employed |
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Term
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Definition
- activity during exposure
- degree of cold adaptation
- use of drugs - good and bad (dilate and constrict)
- fat insulation |
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Term
| Prevention of Hypothermia |
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Definition
-protective gear - dry suits, hot water suits
-increasing subcutaneous fat
-reduce exercise - sphere shape in water (moderate work rate over long periods working)
-acclimatization to cold, over long periods
-heat gas supply esp. HeO2 |
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Term
| Treatment of Mild and Moderate Hypothermia |
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Definition
-remove all wet clothing
-blankets, sleeping bag,
-warmed water bottles to armpits and groin
-warm drinks (no alcohol), hot chocolate, or something sweet; sugar more important than the warmth of the drink
-warmed inhalation – portable (RES-Q-AIR) or 02 |
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Term
| Treatment of Severe Hypothermia remote location (chamber) |
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Definition
Severe
-ABC’S
-handle victim as gently as possible (prevent v-fib.)
-warmed air or O2 (RES-Q-AIR)
-warmed I.V. fluids (portable – Thermal Angel blood and IV rewarming device – battery operated - video |
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Term
|
Definition
- body temp. still continues to drop after initial attempts to re-warm
- vasodilation? (Cool blood returning to core?)
- V-fib?
-Rewarming of trunk before extremities
-Delay rewarming? The rate of cerebral oxygen consumption is reduced by approximately 5% for each reduction of 1deg.C in temperature within the range of 37deg.C to 20deg.C |
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Term
| Hospital Re-warming Techniques |
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Definition
-forced air rewarming – (bair hugger)
-peritoneal lavage (washing out of the peritoneal cavity)
-extracorporeal rewarming – cardiopulmonary bypass
-warmed IV fluids – (250-500 cc 5% dextrose and normal saline warmed to 40-45 oC) |
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Term
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Definition
| Drowning is death from suffocation resulting from aspiration of water or other substance or fluid. Drowning occurs because the liquid prevents breathing and the exchange of O2 and CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| respiration and heartbeat cannot be detected (start CPR) |
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Term
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Definition
| victim is pronounced dead (stop CPR) |
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Term
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Definition
| Osmosis - the movement of solvent (usually water) through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration of solute to a higher concentration of solute |
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Term
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Definition
-violent struggle to reach the surface
-period of calmness (give-up), unconsciousness
-swallow large amounts of fluid
-vomiting
-gasping respirations and aspirations
-convulsions, death |
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Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Drowning victim |
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Definition
- cyanosis
- dyspnea
- chest pain (especially on inspiration)
- blood stained frothy sputum
- abnormal breath sounds
- unconsciousness
- cardiac and respiratory arrest |
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Term
| Treatment of Drowning Victims |
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Definition
- ABC’s
- 100 % O2
- transport to hospital |
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Term
| 10% of drowning victims have... |
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Definition
| 10% of drowning victims have dry lungs on autopsy due to laryngospasm or osmotic properties causing water in lungs to be absorbed into blood stream (fresh water drowning) |
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Term
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Definition
| Death adter up to 48 hours after submersion |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs during submersion in cold water (less than 21oC (70 deg.F)
-skin sensors - sensory – motor response involuntary)(shaking)
-Initial increase in cardiac and respiratory systems (cold shock) then - slow down heartbeat and respiration
-vasoconstriction (extremities)
-metabolism slow down |
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Term
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Definition
| When under high pressure induced by deep diving, capillaries in the extremities start closing off, stopping blood circulation to those areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| symptom of heavy exertion (hard / struggling to breathe) |
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Term
| DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS RESULTS FROM THE FORMATION |
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Definition
| OF BUBBLES IN THE BLOOD OR BODY TISSUES |
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Term
| DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS IS CAUSED BY |
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Definition
| INADEQUATE ELIMINATION OF DISSOLVED GAS AFTER A DIVE OR OTHER HYPERBARIC (OR HYPOBARIC) EXPOSURE TO PRESSURE. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| gas micronuclei to form (theory) |
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Term
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Definition
| the more continuous diving the less production of gas micronuclei |
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Term
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Definition
1. PARTIAL PRESSURE OF INERT GAS
2. LENGTH OF BOTTOM TIME
3. RATE OF ABSORPTION - EXERCISE (DURING AND AFTER DIVE AND DECOMPRESSION)
4. REPETETIVE DIVING
5. LACK OF DIVING EXPERIENCE (ACCLIMATIZATION)
6. FLYING AFTER DIVING
7. INADEQUATE OR IMPROPER DECOMPRESSION |
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Term
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Definition
1. DEHYDRATION
2. AGE AND OBESITY
3. COLD
4. RECENT PHYSICAL INJURY
5. RECENT DCS
6. ANYTHING WHICH WILL IMPEDE CIRCULATION |
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Term
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Definition
1. DON’T DIVE!
2. CONSTANT DIVING
3. PROPER HYDRATION
4. NO HANGOVERS
5. PHYSICAL FITNESS
6. RESTING DURING DECOMPRESSION
7. FOLLOW DIVE SCHEDULE
8. INCREASE PPO2 IN MIX |
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Term
| FREQUENCY OF DCS SYMPTOMS |
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Definition
LOCAL JOINT PAIN (AIR)
LEG 30% (KNEE)
ARM 70 % (SHOULDER)
DIZZINESS 2.3%
CHOKES 1.6%
EXTREME FATIGUE AND PAIN 1.3%
COLLAPSE WITH UNCONSCIOUSNESS .5% |
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Term
| TIME OF ONSET OF SYMPTOMS |
|
Definition
TIME OF ONSET OF SYMPTOMS
50% WITHIN 30 MINUTES
85% WITHIN 1 HOUR
95% WITHIN 3 HOURS
1% MORE THAN 6 HOURS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Red rash, itchy skin usually associated with short deep exposures in chamber or dry suit. (do not pressurize) |
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Term
| CUTIS MARMORATA (MORE SERIOUS) |
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Definition
| Skin Marbling: starts as pale area and becomes bluish with swelling - treat – Table 6) |
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Term
|
Definition
| pain usually in the elbow, knee, or shoulder (sometimes in finger joint). Pain is dull throbbing and deep in the joint or tissue. Pain generally worsens over time. (Table 6) |
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Term
|
Definition
| (DCS occurring in the brain) can produce: headaches, visual disturbance, dizziness, confusion, psychotic symptoms, paralysis, unconsciousness (stroke like signs or symptoms) (Table 6) |
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Term
|
Definition
| May cause: muscular weakness, numbness, Pins and needles, abdominal encircling pain, paralyses, loss of sensation (Table 6) |
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Term
| Pulmonary DCS: (or “Chokes”) |
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Definition
| Pain under sternum, coughing, coughing up blood, severe respiratory distress leads to unconsciousness and death (Table 6) |
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Term
| Inner Ear DCS or Vestibular DCS: |
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Definition
| Usually associated with a gas switch (air from heliox) vertigo, tinnitis, nausea, vomiting, loss of balance |
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Term
|
Definition
CHIEF COMPLAINT - WHAT’S WRONG?
HISTORY
RAPID NEURO |
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Term
|
Definition
- DIVE PROFILE
- ANYTHING UNUSUAL DURING THE DIVE OR DECOMPRESSION?
- TYPE OF WORK
- REPET. DIVE?
- EVER HAD DCS BEFORE
- PAIN - TYPE - SHARP, DULL, RADIATING, CHANGED IN SEVERITY OR LOCATION |
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Term
| Treatment for DCI -(DCS) and Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE) |
|
Definition
Initial treatment depth is 60 fsw
CONTACT MEDICAL ADVISOR
RE-HYDRATE FLUIDS ORALLY or (START I.V.)
MONITOR URINARY OUTFLOW
Complete Table 6 |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical attraction between two substances |
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Term
| Prior exposure of smoking and faulty exhaust can lead to: |
|
Definition
Residual Effects
Vulnerability to DCS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
|
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Term
| COPD produces these side effects: |
|
Definition
-cilia become paralysed, cannot remove irritants
-can lead to blockage of the small airways
-decrease in lung compliance leads to vital capacity decreases
-vulnerable to DCS and pulmonary barotrauma
-can fail PFT (pulmonary function test) on diving medical |
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Term
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CO POISONING |
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Definition
Headache; can be very severe
dizziness
fatigue
impaired vision
amnesia - confusion
cherry red lips (?)
nausea vomiting (flu-like symptoms)
unconsciousness |
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Term
| TREATMENT OF CO POISONING |
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Definition
-Remove the contaminant to prevent further exposure and give 100% O2.
-USN Treatment Table 6 |
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Term
|
Definition
| HIGH PRESSURE NERVOUS SYNDROME |
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Term
| H.P.N.S. is associated with |
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Definition
| deep diving in excess of 130 meters (400 ft) while breathing HeO2 |
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Term
| DEVELOPMENT OF H.P.N.S. DEPENDS ON: |
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Definition
- rate of compression
- % of helium in mixture
- absolute pressure |
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Term
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF H.P.N.S. |
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Definition
(central nervous system disorders)
tremors - hands shake
nausea and vomiting
in-coordination
loss of alertness, confusion
micro-sleep
electroencephalogram changes (EEG)
nightmares
irritability
coma |
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Term
| For HPNS the faster the rate of compression, the... |
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Definition
| the faster the rate of compression, the earlier the signs appear |
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Term
| H.P.N.S. can be delayed or prevented by: |
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Definition
1) adding a narcotic gas (nitrogen)
2) reducing rate of compression |
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Term
|
Definition
| an excess of carbon dioxide in the tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
-inadequate ventilation of breathing equipment
-poor equipment design
-rapid, shallow breathing (esp. deepiving)
-increased density (depth)
-excessive CO2 in supply gas (failure of CO2 absorbent)
-Limit for Co2 in breathing air is 500 ppm (0.05%) |
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Term
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPERCAPNIA |
|
Definition
-increased breathing and pulse rates
-headache
-unusual sweating
-restlessness, leading to fatigue
-nausea
-face is flushed (red) bloated and warm |
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Term
| PREVENTION For HYPERCAPNIA |
|
Definition
-proper ventilation of diving equipment (helmet, chamber)
-rest intervals during hard work |
|
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Term
| Treatment for Hypercapnia |
|
Definition
-remove from environment
-100% O2 |
|
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Term
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Definition
the effect of nitrogen under pressure. It is sometimes called “rapture of the deep”
-Individual Susceptibility
-Some people are affected at 100 fsw , some at 200 fsw |
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Term
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Definition
| “ martini’s law” = every 50 fsw add one martini |
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Term
| Narcosis can be aggravated by: |
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Definition
-anxiety
-cold
-fatigue
-sedatives or alcohol |
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Term
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF NITROGEN NARCOSIS |
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Definition
-100 ft euphoria
-Mild impairment
-Reasoning and memory impairment ( in some)
-165 fsw laughter
-overconfidence
-sleepiness |
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Term
| Nitrogen Narcosis at 300 ft: |
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Definition
uncontrollable laughter
Terror in some
Severe mental & physical impairment |
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Term
| Nitrogen Narcosis > 300 fsw |
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Definition
-hallucinations (more like drugs than alcohol)
-Total loss of physical and mental control
-unconsciousness, death |
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Term
| Prevention of Nitrogen Narcosis |
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Definition
-limit air breathing to 165 fsw (50-60 meters)
-substitute another inert gas - helium |
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Term
| Treatment of Nitrogen Narcosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| s defined as the tissue damage resulting from the expansion or contraction of enclosed gas space due a change in ambient (surrounding) pressure. |
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Term
| what is the most common occupational disease of divers. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| “For any gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas will vary inversely with the pressure”. If the pressure increases the volume will decrease, if the pressure decreases the volume will increase. |
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Term
| Pressure increases do not affect the ______ areas of the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to equalize pressures within the body cavities as pressure increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate release of expanding gases in a closed space causing distension |
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Term
| highest cause of death in diving accidents |
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Definition
| BAROTRAUMA OF ASCENT (burst lung syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
| means tooth pain caused by pressure |
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Term
| most common EAR BAROTRAUMA is: |
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Definition
| Middle Ear Barotrauma of Descent |
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Term
| Middle Ear Barotrauma Recovery: |
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Definition
- 1 week
- 1-3 months if tympanic membrane is severely torn |
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Term
| Middle Ear Barotrauma May Cause: |
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Definition
- tinnitis
- vertigo
- hearing loss (may be permanent) |
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Term
| BURST LUNG SYNDROME is also called: |
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Definition
PULMONARY BAROTRAUMA OF ASCENT
PULMONARY OVERPRESSURE (POP)
PULMONARY OVERINFLATION SYNDROME |
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Term
| 3 MANIFESTATIONS OF BURST LUNG SYNDROME: |
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Definition
1. ARTERIAL GAS EMBOLISM
2. PNEUMOTHORAX
3. MEDIASTINAL AND SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA |
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Term
| CAUSES OF BURST LUNG SYNDROME |
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Definition
- voluntary or involuntary breath-hold on ascent - panic
- apparatus malfunction - overpressure
- internal air trapping - asthma, pneumonia, severe cold (congestion) |
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Term
| USUALLY OCCURS DURING OR IMMEDIATELY AFTER SURFACING (within 5-10 minutes) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-ABC’S
-transport to recompression chamber on O2
-Treatment Table 6 |
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Term
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Definition
-alveolar rupture
- gas escapes to mediastinal area and migrates to neck
area under skin |
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Term
| SYMPTOMS OF SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA |
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Definition
- difficulty swallowing
- voice change (harsher)
- swelling of neck area
- crepitus (crackling sound) |
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Term
| TREATMENT OF SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA |
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Definition
| 100% O2 on surface - near chamber |
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Term
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Definition
| gas escapes into mediastinal area; heart, trachea, and major blood vessels affected |
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Term
| SYMPTOMS OF MEDIASTINAL EMPHYSEMA |
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Definition
-pain in substernal area
-pain may radiate to shoulder, neck or back |
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Term
| TREATMENT OF MEDIASTINAL EMPHYSEMA |
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Definition
-100% O2 on surface - near a chamber
-if vital signs deteriorate - pressurize to DOSR |
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Term
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Definition
- gas in pleural cavity
- damaged lung tissue can act as a one way valve
- gas enters pleural cavity but cannot leave |
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Term
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Definition
-sharp pain on affected side on inspiration
-shallow (pursed-lip) breathing
-diminished breath sounds or movement on affected side
-heart and other lung affected (abnormal heart beat, and breathing affected)
-cyanosis
-trachea displacement
-distended neck veins (jvd -jugular vein displacement) |
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Term
| TREATMENT OF PNEUMOTHORAX |
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Definition
-100 % O2
-hospitalization (chest tube)
If diver is at depth, a chest tube may need to be inserted to get diver to the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the function of cells, tissues and organs of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the organization and structure of the human body |
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Term
| Skeletal System Functions: |
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Definition
-Support (framework for entire body)
-Protection (to protect such vital organs as the brain and heart
-Movement (serve as levers – actuated by attached muscles
-Storage (calcium and fat cells in reserve)
-Production (production of red blood cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, Short, Flat, Irregular |
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Term
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Definition
| long in relation to their width |
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Term
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Definition
blocks, cube shaped
Eg. Carpals (8) (wrist), tarsal bones (7) ankle |
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Term
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Definition
a flat compact bone, the shape allowing for large area of muscle attachment
Eg. Skull, scapula |
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Term
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Definition
peculiar in shape (none of the other three categories)
Eg. Vertebrae, bones of the face |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why are False Ribs called False Ribs? |
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Definition
| Because they do not attach primarily to the Sternum, but instead attach to other ribs losing stability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cervical Curve, Cervical Vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| Lumbar Curve, Lumbar Vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| Sacral Curve, Sacrum, Coccygeal Vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| Thoratic Curve, Thoratic Vertebrae |
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Term
| All physical functions involve muscle activity. Give four examples. |
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Definition
-Skeletal movement
-Heart contraction
-Blood vessels
-Gut – peristalsis |
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Term
| The Muscular System - Origin: |
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Definition
| the end of the muscle attached to a fixed structure or bone (anchor) |
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Term
| The Muscular System - Insertion: |
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Definition
| the other end of the muscle which is attached to a movable part |
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Term
| List the 3 types of Muscle Tissue |
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Definition
-Skeletal muscle (striated)
-Cardiac muscle (striated appearance)
-Smooth muscle |
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Term
| List Features of Skeletal muscle (striated) |
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Definition
-Voluntary (controlled by conscious thought from the brain)
-Causes movement of the skeleton |
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Term
| List Features of Cardiac muscle |
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Definition
| Involuntary (contracts under its own stimulation) |
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Term
| List Features of Smooth muscle |
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Definition
-Involuntary (controlled by the autonomic nervous system)
-Digestive urinary tract, reproductive tract, respiratory, blood vessels
-Note: Internal organs referred to as viscera |
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Term
| The nervous system of the human body is responsible for: |
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Definition
| Sending, receiving, and processing nerve impulses.All of the body’s muscles and organs rely upon these nerve impulses to function. |
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Term
| What three systems work together to carry out the mission of the nervous system? |
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Definition
-the central,
-the peripheral
-the autonomic nervous systems. |
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Term
| What is the central nervous system is responsible for? |
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Definition
| issuing nerve impulses and analysing sensory data, and includes the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| What is the peripheral nervous system is responsible for? |
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Definition
| carrying nerve impulses to and from the body’s many structures, and includes the many cranio-spinal nerves which branch off from the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| What is the autonomic nervous system is composed of |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and is responsible for regulating and coordinating the functions of vital structures of the body. |
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Term
| Of all the nervous system the _____ is the primary component, occupying the cranial cavity and making up about __% of the entire central nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| The brain is connected to the? |
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Definition
| upper end of the spinal cord (which connects through the foramen magnum of the skull) |
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Term
| What is the brain responsible for? |
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Definition
| issuing nerve impulses, processing nerve impulse data, and engaging in the higher order thought processes. |
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Term
| The brain is divided into three parts: |
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Definition
-The large cerebrum
-The smaller cerebellum
-The brainstem leading to the spinal cord. |
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Term
| The brainstem is divided into the? |
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Definition
-medulla oblongata
-midbrain
-pons. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| List the three parts in Nerve Cells (Neuron.) |
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Definition
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Term
| List Soma Characteristics |
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Definition
-The nerve cell body
-contains the nucleus |
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Term
| List Dendrites Characteristics |
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Definition
-nerve cell typically has numerous dendrites
-receiving portion of the nerve cell
C serve important function of information collecting
-information is channelled toward the cell body (soma) |
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Term
| List Axon Characteristics |
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Definition
-nerve cell has only one
-carries information away from cell body
-may travel long distances to reach its destination |
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Term
| Define Action Potential, and its process. |
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Definition
-information in the form of tiny electrical impulses, carried by the axon.
-They travel from the cell body along the surface of the axon to their destination.
-When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, the information that it conveys is transferred to another cell by a chemical signal set in motion by the arrival of the nerve impulse. |
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Term
| Define the Synapse, and its process. |
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Definition
-When axons reach their destinations, they typically branch into a number of fine collaterals that end in small swellings called synaptic terminals.
-information is transferred from one cell to another.
-This form of chemical communication also occurs between nerve cells and muscle cells, where the synapse is called the (neuromuscular junction.) |
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Term
| How many cranial nerves are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| The twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve what purpose? |
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Definition
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve the extremely important sensory and motor functions of the head and upper body.
For example, the optic nerves (cranial nerve #2) connect the retinas of the eyes to the brain. The facial nerves (cranial nerve #7) bring sensory information into the brain from the taste buds on the tongue and contain motor nerve fibres that control the muscles of facial expression. |
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Term
| While you perform a rapid neuro exam on a diver, you are checking? |
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Definition
| You are checking most of the function of the cranial nerves as well as some of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. If any abnormalities are found during the exam, the diver is considered to be suffering from TYPE 2 DCS, (Decompression Sickness inolving the central nervous system), and needs to be treated accordingly. |
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