Term
| What histiological change takes place in the trachea of a smoker? |
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Definition
| Ciliated columnar epithelium--> squamous |
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Term
| Where do you perform an emergency tracheotomy? |
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Definition
| Cricothyroid membrane (right below the thyroid cartilage) |
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Term
| Which structures pierce the diaphragm and at what vertebral levels? |
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Definition
"I (IVC) ate (8) ten (10) Eggs (esophagus) At (aorta) twelve (12)"...
T8: IVC
T10: Esophagus, vagus
T12: (red, white, blue)... aorta, thoracic duct, azygous v |
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Term
| What cell type proliferates during lung damage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is pain from diaphragm referred to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two lung volumes can give you total lung capacity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 components of virchow's triad? |
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Definition
1. Stasis
2. hypercoagulability
3. endothelial damage |
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Term
| A patient suffers a stroke after incurring multiple long bone fractures in a skiing accident. What caused the infarct? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the differential dx for eospinophilia? |
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Definition
| D-NAAACP...Drugs, Neoplasm, Allergy/asthma (Churg-strauss), Addison's dz, Acute interstitial nephritis, Collagen Vascular dz, Parasites (Loffler's eosinophilia) |
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Term
| Which asthmas medication? inhaled DOC for chronic asthma |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asthmas medication? inhaled treatment of choice for acute exacerbations |
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Definition
| albuterol (and lev-albuterol) |
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Term
| Which asthmas medication? Narrow TI, drug of last resort |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asthmas medication? blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asthmas medication? inhibits mast cell release of mediators, used for prophylaxis only |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asthmas medication? inhaled treatment that blocks muscarinic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asthmas medication? long-acting beta-2 agonist |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asthmas medication? blocks leukotriene receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Patient has an extended expiratory phase, what dz? |
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Definition
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Term
| What anti-leukotriene do you use in kids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of pneumonia in pts w/ other health problems? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common cause of viral pneumonia |
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Definition
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Term
| A 55 yo man who is a smoker and heavy drinker presents w/ a new cough and flu-like symptoms...gram stain shows no organisms but silver stain shows gram(-) rods. Dx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which has high protein content: exudate or transudate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the V/Q at the apex of the lung? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the V/Q at the base of the lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| In exercise, what does V/Q approach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the HALLMARK sign of COPD? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the HALLMARK sign of restrictive lung dz? |
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Definition
| decreased total lung capacity |
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Term
| What is pulsus paradoxis and what causes it? |
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Definition
| Systolic bp decreases by >10mmHg in inspiration, often caused by cardiac tamponade |
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Term
| What lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio indicates fetal lung maturity? |
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Definition
| 2...if not mature, give mom steroids |
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Term
| What is pulmonary surfactant composed of? |
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Definition
| dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine |
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Term
| Which lung are inhaled foreign bodies more likely to lodge? |
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Definition
| RIGHT bronchus bc it is wider and more vertical |
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Term
| What lung volume? air in lung after maximal expiration, cannot be measured on spirometry |
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Definition
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Term
| What lung volume? Are that can still be breathed out after normal expiration |
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Definition
| (ERV)...Expiratory Reserve Volume |
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Term
| What lung volume? Air that moves into lung with each quiet inspiration. What is a normal volume? |
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Definition
| tidal volume, usually ~500mL |
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Term
| What lung volume? air in excess of tidal volume that moves into lung on maximum inspiration |
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Definition
| (IRV) Inspiratory reserve volume |
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Term
| What is the lung capacity? TV + IRV + ERV |
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Definition
| VC-- Vital Capacity (everything except reserve volume) |
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Term
| What is the lung capacity? RV + ERV |
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Definition
| FRC...functional residual capacity (volume in lung after normal expiration) |
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Term
| What is the lung capacity? IRV + TV |
|
Definition
| IC...Inspiratory Capacity |
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Term
| What is the lung capacity? IRV + TV + ERV + RV |
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Definition
| TLC...Total Lung Capacity |
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Term
| Taut form of hemoglobin...high or low affinity for O2? |
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Definition
| Low affinity...oxygen to tissues |
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Term
| What 5 conditions favor the Taut form of hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
1. increased Cl
2. increased H+ (low pH)
3. increased CO2
4. 2,3 BPG
5. increased temp
....leads to O2 unloading |
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Term
| What do you treat methemoglobinemia with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do things do you use to treat cyanide poisoning? |
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Definition
1. Nitrates to cause methemoglobinemia to bind the CN
2. Then thiosulfate to bind CN and it is renally excreted |
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Term
| In what form is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the body? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the alveolar gas exchange equation? |
|
Definition
PAO2-PaO2 ~~ 10-15mmHg (higher in elderly)
A--Alveolar, a--Arterial (arteries are smaller, so small "a") |
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Term
| At what part of the lung is ventilation and perfusion the highest? |
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Definition
| Base of lung (although V/Q is higher at apex) |
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Term
| What is your metabolic and respiratory condition at high altitude? |
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Definition
| Respiratory alkalosis w/ metabolic compensation (kidney getting rid of bicarb) |
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Term
| What 3 professions are associated w/ asbestosis? |
|
Definition
| shipbuilding, roofing, plumbing |
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Term
| What is the difference in the location which silicosis versus asbestosis affects the lungs? |
|
Definition
Silicosis: upper lobe
Asbestosis: lower lobe |
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Term
| What composes artificial surfactant that can be given to premature neonates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pt develops hypoxia and bilateral infiltrates several days after being admitted to Intensive Care Unit. What do you suspect? |
|
Definition
| ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) |
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|
Term
| What is the hallmark histiological finding with ARDS? |
|
Definition
| formation of thick hyaline membranes consisting of proteinaceous material and epithelial necrotic debris |
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Term
| Between pleural edema and pleural effusions, which has fluid that follows gravity (ie. dependent on pt position) |
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Definition
| pleural effusion (fluid in fluid space, not parenchyma like in edema) |
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Term
| Which lung cancer is not necessarily associated w/ smoking? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you treat atypical pneumonias with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rupture of what causes a chylothorax? |
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Definition
| thoracic duct (milky lymphatic fluid, lots of TG's) |
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Term
| What drug? Used to treat pulmonary HTN...Competitively antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance |
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Definition
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