Term
| what passes through the superior orbital fissure? |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerves III, IV, V(i only), VI + sympathetic nerves + ophthalmic veins |
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Term
| what passes through the foramen rotundum? |
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Definition
| CN V2 (maxillary division of trigeminal) |
|
|
Term
| what passes through the foramen ovale? |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerve V3 (mandibular branch trigeminal) + accessory meningeal artery |
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Term
| what passes through foramen spinosum? |
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Definition
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Term
| what passes through the foramen magnum? |
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Definition
| spinal cord, accesory nerve, vertebral and spinal arteries |
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|
Term
| what passes through the jugular foramen? |
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Definition
| cranial nerves IX, X, XI, internal jugular vein |
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Term
| what passes through the hypoglossal canal? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In which direction does the medial rectus move the eye? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the medial rectus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the lateral rectus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the superior rectus do? |
|
Definition
| moves eye up and towards nose |
|
|
Term
| what muscle moves the eye up and out? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle moves the eye down and towards the nose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the superior oblique do? |
|
Definition
| move eye down and out (IV) |
|
|
Term
| what does contraction of the ciliary muscle by the parasympathetic nervous system do? |
|
Definition
| relaxes the suspensory ligaments which let the lens turn globular or near vision |
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of Horner's syndrome and what causes it? |
|
Definition
miosis, ptosis, anhydrosis
cause by tumor or neck injury that interrupts cervical sympathetic chain |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the tongue muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the genioglossus do? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the styloglossus do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the hyoglossus do? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the tongue go when hypoglossal nerve is damaged and why? |
|
Definition
| towards side of damage b/c healthy genioglossus pushes tongue that way |
|
|
Term
| what nerve delivers taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve carries touch, temperature sensation from the anterior 2/3 of tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve carries taste, touch, and temperature from the posterior 1/3 of tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from which branchial arch are the mandible and muscles of mastication derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscles open the mouth? |
|
Definition
| lateral pterygoid, digastric, geniohyoid |
|
|
Term
| which muscles close the mouth? |
|
Definition
| mostly masseter with help from temporalis and medial pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| which muscle protrudes the mandible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle retracts the mandible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 cartilages of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| cricoid, thyroid, arytenoids |
|
|
Term
| to which larynx cartilages do the vocal chords attach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle opens the glottis? |
|
Definition
| posterior cricoarytenoid (recurrent nerve) |
|
|
Term
| which muscle closes the glottis? |
|
Definition
| lateral cricarytenoid (recurrent nerve) |
|
|
Term
| which muscle relaxes the vocal chords? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle tightens the vocal chords? |
|
Definition
| cricothyroid (superior laryngeal nerve) |
|
|
Term
| what vessel does the left recurrent nerve wrap around? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vessel does the right recurrent nerve wrap around? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| main muscle responsible for shoulder adduction? + innervation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| main muscles responsible for shoulder abduction and their innervation? |
|
Definition
| deltoid then serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve) |
|
|
Term
| main muscle responsible for outward rotation of shoulder? |
|
Definition
| infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve) |
|
|
Term
| what muscle is responsible for inward shoulder rotation? |
|
Definition
| subscapular (subscapular nerve) |
|
|
Term
| what causes scapular winging? |
|
Definition
| paralysis of serratus anterior muscle, due to damage of the long thoracic nerve (ie stab wounds) |
|
|
Term
| what does pain on abduction signify? |
|
Definition
| inflammation of subacromial bursa |
|
|
Term
| which spinal rami form the upper trunk of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which spinal rami form the middle trunk of brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which spinal rami form the lower trunk of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the derivation of the musculocutaneous nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the derivation of the axillary, radial, and median nerves? |
|
Definition
| middle trunk (C7) note: axillary and radial nerve come from the posterior cord |
|
|
Term
| what is the derivation of the ulnar nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what may cause an upper brachial plexus injury and how does it present? |
|
Definition
| forceful separation of neck and shoulder ie football, motorcycles. causes the arm to hang medially rotated (waiter's tip hand) |
|
|
Term
| how might a posterior cord injury occur and how does it manifest? |
|
Definition
| long crutches may injure the posterior cord, especially the radial nerve. This leads to wrist drop |
|
|
Term
| how might a lower brachial plexus injury occur and manifest? |
|
Definition
| forceful delivery leads to ulnar nerve damage, causing "claw hand" |
|
|
Term
| what does radial nerve injury lead to? |
|
Definition
| wrist drop, loss of triceps reflex, sensation loss to posterior arm/dorsal hand |
|
|
Term
| what does median nerve damage do? |
|
Definition
| inability to flex thumb, index, middle finger, no thumb opposition, thenar atrophy + sensory loss to palm and finger tips of 1st 2 1/2 fingers |
|
|
Term
| what does ulnar nerve damage lead to? |
|
Definition
| claw hand, inability to flex 4th/5th finger, apothenar atrophy + sensory loss to palm and tips of ulnar 1 1/2 fingers |
|
|
Term
| what does musculocutaneous nerve damage cause? |
|
Definition
| loss of elbow flexion, supination, and bieps reflex + sensation loss to extensor side of forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medial nerve compression leads to pain/tingling |
|
|
Term
| which nerve is at most risk of injury from a humeral fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which nerve --> elbow flexion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which nerve --> elbow extension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which nerve and muscle are supinators of the forearm |
|
Definition
| biceps and musculocutaneous nerve |
|
|
Term
| which muscle and nerve are responsible for pronation of the forearm? |
|
Definition
| pronator teres and median nerve |
|
|
Term
| tell me about tennis elbow |
|
Definition
repetitive stress injury, inflammation of the lateral epicondyle which is the origin of forearm extensor muscles
(note that the actual elbow join is not involved) |
|
|
Term
| main muscle and nerve --> outward hip rotation |
|
Definition
| gluteus maximus, inferior gluteal nerve |
|
|
Term
| main muscle/nerve --> inward hip rotation |
|
Definition
| gluteus medius/minimus, superior gluteal nerve |
|
|
Term
| main muscle responsible for hip extension |
|
Definition
| glut maximus (inferior gluteal nerve) |
|
|
Term
| muscle responsible for hip flexion? |
|
Definition
| iliopsoas (femoral nerve) |
|
|
Term
| main muscle responsible for hip abduction? |
|
Definition
| gluteus medius (sup gluteal nerve) |
|
|
Term
| main muscle --> hip adduction |
|
Definition
| adductor magnus/minimus (obturator nerve) |
|
|
Term
| knee extension (main muscle and nerve) |
|
Definition
| quadriceps femoris (femoral nerve) |
|
|
Term
| knee flexion (main muscle/nerve) |
|
Definition
"hamstrings" semimembranous, semitendinous, biceps femoris
sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| inward knee rotation (muscle/nerve) |
|
Definition
| semimembranous, sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| outward knee rotation (muscle/nerve) |
|
Definition
| biceps femoris, sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| where is the safest place on the glutes to give a shot? |
|
Definition
| upper lateral quadrant (avoid sciatic nerve this way) |
|
|
Term
| dorsiflexion and foot inversion (muscle/nerve) |
|
Definition
| tibialis anterior, deep peroneal nerve |
|
|
Term
| ankle dorsiflexion and eversion |
|
Definition
| peroneus tertius, deep peroneal nerve |
|
|
Term
| plantarflexion and inversion |
|
Definition
| peroneus longus/brevus, superficial peroneal nerve |
|
|
Term
| plantarflexion and eversion |
|
Definition
| tibialis posterior, tibial nerve |
|
|
Term
| injury to common peroneal nerve |
|
Definition
| winds around neck of fibula, MOST COMMONLY INJURED NERVE OF LOWER LIMB, foot drop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare (deep laceration of popliteal fossa), no plantarflexion |
|
|
Term
| what structures lie in the superior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| thymus, great vessels, trachea, esophagus |
|
|
Term
| what structures live in the inferior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| middle:heart, posterior: esoph/aorta, anterior:filed by thymus in infants |
|
|
Term
| what does the left coronary artery supply |
|
Definition
| (ant. interventricular and circumflex arteries) left atrium/ventricle + anterior septum |
|
|
Term
| right coronary artery supplies: |
|
Definition
| right atrium, right ventricle, sinus node, AV node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left gastric, splenic, hepatic, gastroduodenal, superior pancreaticoduodenal |
|
|
Term
| branches of superior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
| inferior pancreaticoduodenal, branches to small intestine, cecum, ascending and transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| branches of inferior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
| branches to descending and sigmoid colon, superior rectal artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can lead to esophageal varices, hemorrhoids, caput medusae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach, SI, transverse colon, spleen, part of liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aorta, vena cava, kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ovarian artery (from aorta), uterine artery (from internal iliac) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testicular artery (from aorta), artery of ductus deferens (from internal iliac), cremasteric artery (from inferior epigastric) |
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