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| Pres. Is most powerful political actor in U.S., but he has many limits on his power |
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| power to initiate, implement, and make things happen |
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| power to stop things from happening |
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| issues that effect us both domestically and internationally (immigration, economics, the environment) |
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| cyclical progression of presidential power. Most powerful at the beginning, much weaker by the end. (Clinton is the exception) |
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| presidential honeymoon period |
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| first few months of office. Inauguration represents democratic triumph. Ppl are interested in pres and how he governs, he's given more leeway to enact policy. Inopportune time to attack him |
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| crisis of leadership (or governance) |
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| Pres is elected to lead the country, but he's unable to do so because power is so dispersed. Since the 60's there's been a rise of divided government and partisanship |
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| Key to presidential power. Presidents who expect to "command" are disappointed. Strong presidents can convince others its in their best interest to act with him |
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| 3 crucial elements of political leadership and presidential power |
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1. Professional reputation
2. Public Prestige
3. Presidential choices |
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| How other political actors inside and outside of DC judge the president's ability to to get things accomplished |
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| how other political actors-congress, interest groups, the media- perceive the level of public support for the president. Illusion of being powerful |
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| 4 stages of presidential power in foreign policy since Great Depression and WWII |
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1. During Great Dep. and especially WWII: 'model' presidency under FDR
2. post WWII and during cold war: supreme power over foreign policy
3. Since Vietnam: power has declined and become more complex
4. End of Cold War: paradox of power, life cycle crisis of leadership have intensified |
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| Really able to govern and lead. 4 times elected, in office for 13 years. tremendous leadership skills. Entered office when Depression was in full force (1933). "model presidential leader" pearl harbor gave him power to wage war as commander in chief |
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| Pres foreign policy power during Cold War |
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| in 50's and 60's presidents were much more successful w/ foreign than domestic policy. pre WWII, Policy makers were small in numbers and centered in state dept. Changed dramatically during WWII. sense of national emergency gave president a lot of power over policy. communism threatened US. Turman, Eisenhower, Kennedy |
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| Pres. for. pol. power since Vietnam |
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Definition
| declined. bipartisanship escalated. fall of communism supported more confident congress. interest groups, more critical media, cynical public. Johnson, Nixon, Ford, and Carter weren;t strong leaders |
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| took over after Kennedy assassination in 1963. increased troops in Vietnam from 18,000 to 550,000 by 1966. |
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| Feb 1968. N Vietnamese and Vietcong Guerillas launched major offensive and sieged much of the country including US Embassy in Saigon |
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| "Secret plan" to leave Vietnam. Resigned in 1974 as a result of his actions concerning Vietnam. |
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| refers to US, USSR coexistence |
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| 1976, voted in. dealt with Iran Hostage crisis in 1979. Camp David Accords. awarded Nobel Peace Prize after presidency for human rights work |
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| 1979. Shah fell from power. Ayatollah Khomeini became leader, 52 Americans taken hostage in Tehran |
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| Main goal was to beat Communism, especially in Central America. Provided to support to govs of Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala. Establishment fo Contras |
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| Counterrevolutionary group created, supported, and armed by the CIA to overthrows Sandinistas in Nicaragua (during Reagan) |
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| Reagan decided to support the Contras and also trade arms to Iran in exchange for hostages. tHis got out and Congress halted all support for Contras in 1985 and 1986 |
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| W Bush's vision of supreme foreign policy power being returned to the president. State fo the Union 2002=Axis of Evil Speech (Iraq, Iran, N Korea) |
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| US Post WWII military changes transforming old military to modern military (3) |
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1. Greater centralization and specialization
2. Emergence of a large, permanent military
3. Tremendous Expansion in bureaucratic size and scope |
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| 1947. Key law for basis of permanent expansion of the foreign policy bureaucracy |
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| How did the NSA restructure the national security process (3 areas) |
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1. Military: Creating National Military Establishment (became DoD) consisting of SoD, Joint Chiefs, and Dept. of Army, Navy, and AF
2. Intelligence: Created CIA and director of National Intelligence
3. National security advice to president: created National Security Council (NSC) |
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| 1986. Reforms to military lead by JCS chairman (CJCS) General David Jones |
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| 3 issues adresses by Goldwater-Nichols Act |
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1. Strengthened chair of JCS (CJCS) as head of military and advisor to the president
2. Clarified the military operational chain of command
3. Made joint service of great significance |
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| Peacetime Draft Abolished in what year |
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Definition
| 1973 in reaction to Vietnam |
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Term
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| 1986. Reforms to military lead by JCS chairman (CJCS) General David Jones |
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Term
| 3 issues adresses by Goldwater-Nichols Act |
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Definition
1. Strengthened chair of JCS (CJCS) as head of military and advisor to the president
2. Clarified the military operational chain of command
3. Made joint service of great significance |
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Term
| Peacetime Draft Abolished in what year |
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Definition
| 1973 in reaction to Vietnam |
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| Tue, Oct. 16. 1962. JFK was informed USSR was moving missiles w/nukes into Cuba. On Oct. 20, Kennedy told Nikita Khrushchev, Chairman of Communist party in USSR, that US would withdraw missiles from Turkey if USSR withdrew missiles from Cuba. Accepted and on Oct. 28 Crisis was over |
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| Chairman of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1953 to 1964 |
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| Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. Negotiations between US and USSR in Helsinki. in November of 1969. SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two powers. Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which took place later that year. The US eventually withdrew from SALT II in 1986. |
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