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| The United States enters WWI on the side of Britain, France and Russia |
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| By Carnegie, states that one should try to earn as much money as one can, then give it all away |
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| a London-born cigar maker who lead the American Federation of Labor (AFL), a labor union created to represent skilled workers. |
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| a cheap way of producing steel at a high quality |
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| Sioux victory over army troops led by George Custer, fighting over Sioux territory (road) |
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| During President Grant, when the Union Pacific highered Credit Mobilier to build a transcontinental railroad, Credit Mobilier charged way too much and the governments money was given to investors of credit mobilier, including a future President and Vice President |
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| term used to describe William Marcy Tweed, aka “Boss Tweed’s” illegal methods of plundering the New York City Treasury. The Tweed ring amassed many millions of dollars |
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| favoring native-born Americans over immigrants, reappered in the 1850’s, ex: the Know-Nothing party. |
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| a group of African Americans that called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination and recognition of human brotherhood. Led by W.E.B. Du Bois |
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| The Chinese Righteous and Harmonious Fists (the Western press called them “Boxers”) started a rebellion in 1990 that led to the massacre of 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese to prevent foreign influence of any kind in China. |
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| devotion to one’s nation, usually suggests that a nation’s people believe themselves, their ideals and their goals to be superior to those of any other nations. |
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| where stronger nations attempt to create empires by domination weaker nations economically politically culturally or militarily |
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| a policy involving aggressively building up one’s nation’s armed forces in preparation for war and giving the military more authority over the government and foreign policy |
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| Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1882. Before 1882: Central Powers |
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| in 1907 by Britain, France and Russia, later the United States would join on this side |
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| A Bosnian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife who were visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. |
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| Germany’s WWI strategy of defeating France to knock the French out of the war, then go east and defeat Russia |
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| the area in-between the two enemy lines where no one side could gain but a couple miles |
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| May 7, 1915 a U-boat sunk the Lusitania, a British passenger liner in the Irish Sea. 128 Americans died in a total of 1200 dead. Called “barbarism.” |
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| the sinking of the Lusitania |
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| A german promise that they would warn ships before attacking them with U-boats, promised this after the United States threatened to cut off all diplomatic ties wither Germany. (Lusitania and Sussex) |
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| Arthur Zimmermann, Germnay’s foreign secretary, made a secret offer to Mexico, if Mexico declared war on the United States, he wrote, Germnay would reward it with American land in the Southwest. Edged the United States closer to war |
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| The United States enters WWI on the side of Britain, France and Russia |
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| May 1917, authorizing a draft of young men for military service. |
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| a home vegetable garden planted to add to the home food supply and replace farm produce sent to feed the soldiers |
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| bonds sold by the government to help aid the war by getting money from the American People. |
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| made illegal to obstruct sales of Liberty Bonds or discuss anything “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive” about the American government, constitution, army and navy; violated the 1st amendment’s guaranteed freedom of speech, many felt that needs for war required harsh measures. |
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| In November 1917 followers of Lenin called Bolsheviks overthrew Russia’s republican government and Lenin took control, he promised to make peace with Germany and did that on March 3, 1918, when they signed a truce |
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| Russia and Germany’s truce, pulling Russia out of the war, Germany no longer had to fight a two sided war. |
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| September 26th 1918, last Allied offensive, Americans and French pushed Germans out of Argonne Forces |
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| a civilian representative of the new German Republic signed an armistice in a French rail-road car on November 11. |
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| March 1919: Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, Wilson, Orlando- Allied powers at the Paris Peace Conference |
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| Wilson’s ideology at the Paris Peace conference |
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| Wilson’s program for reaching goals, included removal of trade barriers, freedom of seas, end of secret treaties, reductions/limits on arms, peaceful settlements of disputes over colonies, self-determination, League of Nations |
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| an organization in which the nations of the world would join together to ensure security and peace for all its members. Failed miserably because there was no way of enforcing these standards. |
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| Boston Police Strike of 1919 |
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| Police illegal union organized for a pay increase. Then the commissioner fired 19 officers because of union activity and the whole force went on a strike. Mass. Gov Coolidge called in state guard getting national attn for not tolerating public safety being at risk; all striking officers were fired. |
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| an intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas, lead to Mitchell Palmer deporting 500 people. |
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| reduced the annual country quota from 3 to 2 percent and based it on the census of 1890 when fewer immigrants lived in America |
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| 2 Italian immigrants w/anarchist beliefs; charged guilty of robbing + killing the guard and paymaster of a shoe factory in Mass. Many say they had an unfair trial and were convicted cuz they were immigrants and had radical beliefs. They died in the electric chair in 1927. |
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| made up of whites directed racial violence against individuals, by 1922 100,000 members, 1924-> 4 million. |
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| prohibition of alcoholic beverages |
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| bars that operated illegally during prohibition |
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| won 1920 Presidential race. Honest kind, dignified manner of speaking. Called for a return to “normalcy” |
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| Harding’s policy describing America’s need for healing, not heroics. This appealed in Americans because events abroad seemed abnormal and unappealing, like the Russian strikes and bombings, and political violence 1920 |
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| gave women the right to vote |
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| Harding’s sec. of the interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly gave oil-drilling rights on government oil fields in Elk Hills, California, and Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to private oil companies. Fall received more that 300,000 in illegal payments and gifts disguised as loans. |
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| nickname for Calvin Coolidge, reputation of a skilled public speaker but in private was a man of few words |
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| new type of young women, rebellious, energetic, fun-loving and bold, challenge traditional short hair and short skirts |
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| African American literary awakening of the 1920’s. NYC’s Harlem became center. |
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| 25 year old Minnesotan, the spirit of St. Louis was his plane, flew 33.5 hours from new york to Paris, nonstop, given Congressional Medal of Honor |
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| Coolidge’s secretary of Commerce. Republican nomination for President in 1928, won election. He was president during the stock market crash and he was blamed for much of the disastrous outcome, (Hoovervilles, hoover blankets) |
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| the combination of un-paid loans, & bank runs cause more than 5500 banks to fail in just a few years because they could not return their depositors’ money. |
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| business cut production, unemployment grew |
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| shanty towns build with shacks of tar paper, cardboard, or scrap material. mocked the president because ppl blamed Hoover for not resolving the crisis |
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| Herbert Hoover’s policy of keeping the government out of business in order to preserve “the American system of rugged individualism.” |
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| 1932; 20,000 jobless WWI veterans and families encamped in D.C. demanding immediate payment of pension bonus that had been promised for 1945; H of R’s agreed but the Senate didnt, most of bonus army went home but some stayed. Hover had to call in army + MacArthur used force to drive marchers out |
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| A word referring to the central and southern Great Plains when so much soil blew around. Made harsh conditions of the depression even worse for farming families. Created by dust storms that began in the early 1930’s as a result of a severe drought. 60% of Dust Bowl families lost their farms |
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| repealed prohibition, curbed gangsters who profited off of bootlegging. |
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| Proposed by FDR, a series of projects and administrations promising recovery from the great depression |
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| the combination of un-paid loans, & bank runs cause more than 5500 banks to fail in just a few years because they could not return their depositors’ money. |
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| FDR talked to public as if he was talking directly to you |
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| Civilian Conservation Corps: est. march 1933; put >2.5 million young unmarried men to work on forests, beaches, and parks. each earned 30 dollars/month but lived in camps for free and got food, med care and job training, E. Roosevelt persuaded the CCC to fund similar programs for women |
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| Agricultural Adjustment Administration; set up in May 1933, tried to raise farm prices through subsidies, or govt. financial assistance. Govt. paid farmers not to raise certain crops and livestock. Hungry ppl didn’t understand how govt. was paying for ppl to get rid of food |
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| National Recovery Administration; Worked with industries to establish codes outlining fair business and labor practices, which led to lower wages in women’s work in almost a quarter of all cases. |
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| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; insured bank deposits up to 5,000$, encouraged trust in the banks |
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| Security Exchange Commission; regulate the stock market |
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| Tennessee Valley Authority; also created May 1933, helped farmers and created jobs by reactivating a hydroelectric power facility started during WWI, TVA provided cheap electric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities to the entire Tennessee River Valley. |
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| Works Progress Administration; gave the unemployed work in building construction and arts programs |
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| National Youth Administration: Provided education, jobs, recreation, and counseling for youth ages 16 to 25 |
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| lead much opposition to the New Deal, lead by Alfred E. Smith (D) said that the New Deal did too much, and limited American Freedom’s too much. |
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| believed that FDR and the New Deal did not do enough for the people. |
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| FDR’s proposal to add six to supreme court justices so that they could approve the new deal, he validated this by saying one for each justice over 70 years of age to lighten the burden, lots of negative attention, “violation of separation of powers” |
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| government ruled by military style dictator without voting, individual rights, or individual liberties. Government controls everything about the nation using error to silence opposition. (Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin) |
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| same type of government as totalitarianism (Fascism specifically relates to the lack of free elections) |
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| ruthless Italian dictator in 1923, his fascist party promoted one supreme leader, preached ethnic purity and denounced individual freedom |
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| takes over USSR when Lenin dies in 1924, he rules with an “iron fist” ruins production, starves millions, he’s very paranoid about opposers. |
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| National Socialist Workers Party |
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| a.k.a. Nazi party, Hitler’s party which was focused on German nationalism and racial superiority |
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| Japan’s emperor, like a living god to Japanese citizens |
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| Britain and France thought that they could avoid war by accepting Germany’s demans, a policy later known as appeasement. At the Munich Conference, the leaders agreed to turn the Sudetenland over to Germany. Hitler promised in turn not to expand Germany’s territory further. |
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| returned home from the Munich Conference to cheering crowds declaring that the agreement had preserved “peace in our time” British prime minister who used a policy of appeasement with Hitler in order to keep the peace |
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| accepting (Germany’s) demands in order to keep the peace and avoid war |
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| Russo-German Non-Aggression Pact 1939 |
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| Stalin and Hitler agreed to not attack one another + secretly agreed to divide Poland + other eastern Euro countries between them. Pact freed Hitler to use force against Poland without fear of Soviet intervention, Stalin wanted to delay soviet-german war until Soviets could better prepare. |
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| using air, land and naval forces to hit enemy so hard, so fast that they are overwhelmed. Germany used this on their invasion of Poland in 1939 |
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| no actual attacks are carried out, from September 1st 1939 to April 1940 when Germany invades Denmark, Belgium, Holand and Norway |
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| a massive string of fortifications along France’s border with Germany, protection of France from Germany, Germany just went around it through Belgium |
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| “Great Miracle @ Dunkirk” when Britain’s fleet was almost captured by the Germans, 900 tugboats, yachts and other small private crafts carried about 340,000 soldiers across the English channel to GB. Kept spirits up |
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| France surrenders and pulls out of the war |
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| the Royal Air force, the air force of Great Britain. During the Battle of Britain the RAF defended Britain against German invaders. Germany’s air force, the Luftwaffe never established air superiority. |
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| (March) gave the President authority to aid any nation whose defense was vital to American Security, led to massive government spending, us ships and pays for the item, US was able to send aid to Britain and the Soviet Union |
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| August, 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill’s talk about war strategies and how to destroy Hitler first, drew Americans closer into the war and showed Roosevelt’s intentions, the principles discussed would later form the basis for the United Nations. |
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| was the German codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, which commenced on June 22, 1941 |
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| Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Phillipines |
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| American citizens who had been born in the United States, feared and hated by many other Americans after Pearl Harbor even if they are born in the US |
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| General of the American troops in the Philippines, commanded Allied forces in the Pacific |
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| American General, named commander of U.S. troops in Europe in June 1942 |
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| German General in charge of German troops in North Africa, won several battles. Troops were defeateted at El Alamein, turning point battle in North Africa |
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| Erwin Rommel’s nickname because of his shrewd tactics |
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| turning point of the war in the Pacific. Japanese attempt to destroy remaining US Pacific fleet by attacking it on Midway Island, off of Hawaii; started June 4, 1942. Fought entirely from air. After, no more Jap offensives in the pacific were launched. |
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| turning point of the war in the East. major battle btw Soviet Union and Germany, Ger. began campaign of fire-bombing + shelling that lasted more than 2 months in Sep 42; Nov 42 Soviets took advtg of cold + counterattacked; jan 43, 90k remaining Germans surrendered, Ger lost ~330k troops, Soviet ~1.1mil |
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| November 8, 1942, British general Montgomery’s fighting agains Rommel in North Africa ended with El Alamein: Allied Victory |
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| British and American Army under General Patton’s invasion of Sicily in July 1943 |
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| September 1943, Italy, Allied troops threatened to overrun the south and take Rome- Italy’s new government surrendered. |
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| code-name for the D-day/Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944. |
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| D-Day: the Allied invasion of Western Europe at Normandy Beach in France, Allied force in France numbered 2 million troops by July |
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| a military strategy of selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others, by attacking some islands the other bypassed islands’ supplies were cut off as well |
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| After the victory at midway, the allies first priority was to capture Guadalcanal. 11,000 marines landed at Guadalcanal in August 1942, it was their first taste of Jungle Warfare. By February 1943, the allies had their first piece of Japanese-held territory |
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| October 1944, Phillipines, greatest Naval Battle in world history, 280 warships involved, lasted for three days, Kamikazes were used, American force virtually destroyed Japanese navy and emerged victorious. |
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| suicide planes used at the Leyte Gulf: Japanese |
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| February 1945, American forces suffered estimated 25,000 casualties. US awarded 27 medals of honor. |
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| April 45; last obstacle to Allied invasion of Japanese islands. many of island’s nearly 100k defenders pledged to fight to the death. 2nd to Normandy invasion in size, kamikaze attacked against fleet, by June only 7200 defenders remained to surrender, 50,000 casualties = costliest of Pacific war. |
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| December 1944The German counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. Smashed into the U.S. First Army and pushed it back, forming a bulge in the Allied line |
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| Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 and his wife |
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| Nov ‘45, Allies placed a number of former Nazi leaders on trial charging them with crimes against peace + humanity + war crimes, of 24 Nazi defendants, 12 sentenced to death, signified principle that individuals must be responsible for own actions |
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| Germany’s remaining troops surrendered, V-E Day |
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| the plane that dropped a bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 |
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| an American plane the Enola Gay dropped a single atomic bomb on Hiroshima, 80,000 died, and as many were injured by fire radiation sickness and the force of the explosion |
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| a city in southern Japan, and the site of a large army base which was damaged by an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945 |
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| President who took over for FDR when he died, decided to go with the Manhattan project and drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. |
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| V-J Day, formal surrender agreement was signed by the Japanese aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, the war had finally come to an end |
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| ship where the German surrender took place |
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