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| Colony created by Sir Walter Raleigh. Became known as the "lost colony" |
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| First successful British settlement. Founded by the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company. Tobacco impacted Jamestown and the rest of Virginia with expansion. |
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| Captain John Smith led Jamestown with harsh martial law. "He who does does not work shall not eat". |
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| Spread around Jamestown. Many migrants to these colonies did so for financial reasons, often subjecting themselves to indentured servitude. |
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| Introduced by the Virginia Company that involved settlers (or wealthy land owners that payed indentured servants ways) being granted land. |
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| 1619 - White, property holding men could vote here |
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| Puritan separatist ship headed for Virginia, landed in Massachusettes. Created the settlement Plymouth. |
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| First agreement in the New World that involved the power of the government in the hands of the governed. |
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| Created by Congregationalists. Began the great Puritan migration. Led by Governor John Winthrop. Ideals based on covenants and Puritanism. |
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| Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Delivered "city upon a hill" speech. |
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| Taught that church and state should be separate. Exiled and later founded Rhode Island which had freedom of religion along with the separation of church and state. |
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| Challenged Puritan beliefs - exiled. |
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| Differences between New England Colonies and Chesapeake |
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| New Englanders often migrated in families, while settlers of the Chesapeake were mostly single men. Weather was better in New England -> they lived longer. New England towns were closer together with more people while most Chesapeake settlers were sparse and spread out with less sense of community. New Englanders were more religious. |
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| Quaker colony founded by William Penn. Penn had policies towards religious freedom and civil liberties. He also tried to treat Native Americans more fairly. The colony grew very quickly. |
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| The idea that economic power came from exporting more than importing and a control of hard currency. The colonies were important for economic reasons. |
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| 1651-1673 One series of many protective tariffs placed on the colonies by Britain. Only allowed Colonist to buy goods from England - gave England significant control of the colonies' commerce. |
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| New England Confederation |
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| Best colonial attempt at centralized government. |
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| Uprising that pushed the colonies away from indentured servitude and more towards slavery. |
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| First and extremely successful slave rebellion - slaves fled to Florida. Led to harsher punishments for runaway slaves and those who aided slaves in their runaways. |
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| Made becoming baptized as a Puritan easier. |
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| 1730s-1760s Religious revivalism led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Response to the Enlightenment. |
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| Great Awakening leader - "Sinners in the hand of an angry god" |
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| Great Awakening leader who advocated emotionalism and spirituality - evangelism. |
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| Developed by Benjamin Franklin - provided intercolonial government and a system for collecting taxes for defense against Natives. |
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| Native American response to the British's mistreatment of them at the French and Indian War's end. |
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| British response to Pontiac's Rebellion. Said that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachians - came too late and only agitated the colonists. |
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| Wrote "The Rights of British Colonies Asserted and Proved" - "no taxation without representation" |
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| Britain declared they had the right to tax the colonies however and whenever they wanted. |
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| Writs of assistance - said British could search anyone that they suspected of smuggling goods. |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| Set up by colonists after the townshend acts in hopes of resolving the conflict, not independence. |
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| 1773 - Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawks threw barrels of tea into Boston harbor. |
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| Quebec Act & Coersive (Intolerable) Act |
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| British response to Boston Tea Party, caused much colonial discontent. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| 1774 - Colonial meeting to discuss grievances against the British, still not looking for independence other than some radicals like Patrick Henry. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| Convened just after Lexington and Concord. Established a continental army, printed money and established government offices. Chose George Washington to lead the army. |
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| Written by Thomas Paine to rally the colonists into revolution. |
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| Flaws of the Articles of Confederation |
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| Did not give the national government the power to tax or regulate trade. Amendments required unanimous consent from all states. Too concerned with keeping power from the government. |
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| 1787 - showed that a stronger government was needed. |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| Guaranteed trial by jury, freedom of religion and freedom from excessive punishment. Abolished slavery in Northwest Territory and set parameters for territories to apply for statehood. Precursor to the Bill of Rights. |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| 1787 - meeting in Philadelphia with intentions were to revise the Articles of Confederation. |
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| Anonymously written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to encourage ratification of the constitution. |
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| George Washington did not want to enter the French Revolution when Genet came to America asking for help. |
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| Hamilton, Washington, Adams, Jay and Marshall - wanted a commerce based economy, a strong government (saw rich men most fit to govern) - main support came from the wealthy northeast - loose construction - believed National Bank was necessary - more sympathetic towards Great Britain |
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| Jefferson and Madison - wanted economy based on agriculture and stronger state governments because they feared tyranny - main support came from Yeomen farmers & Southerners - strict construction - believed national bank was "desirable" - more sympathetic towards France |
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| Showed the strength and fairness of the new government. |
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| Avoided war with Britain but gave too many concessions to Britain - low point of Washington's administration. |
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| 1796 - High point of Washington's admin. - agreement with Spain over Mississippi River. Led to Washington setting the precedent of executive privilege. |
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| American diplomats went to France to negotiate them seizing American ships, but France wanted huge bribes, so the Americans came home and published what had happened. |
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| During Adam's presidency - aimed at hurting the D-R |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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| Jefferson and Madison - said that state's had the right to decide on the constitutionality of a law - direct response to Alien and Sedition Acts - later became known as nullification |
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| Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to D-R - Adams -> Jefferson |
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| Adams appointed as many Federalists as possible before he left office - it failed as Jefferson simply removed them once he came to office. |
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| Jefferson's fiscal policy |
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| Disagreed with Hamilton on the notion that national debt was a good thing and lowered taxes and lower the federal budget. |
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| Chief Justice John Marshall - precedent of judicial review |
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| Jefferson desperately attempted to avoid war with Britain - hurt the U.S. by shutting down exports and imports but led to manufacturing in New England. |
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| Unaware that the War of 1812 had ended, Federalists met to organize a massive overhaul of the Constitution or secession. This led to their downfall as they were seen as traitors after this. |
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| Effects of the War of 1812 |
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| With no trade with Europe, American manufacturing spurred. Madison made National Road, National Bank, American System - Henry Clay, Speaker of the House. |
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| During Monroe's presidency after the demise of the Federalists during Madison's presidency - there was only one political party. Though, economic tensions were growing and sectionalism was increasing. |
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| National law over state law - states could not tax the national bank. |
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| Caused by a period of economic growth, inflation, and land speculation, destabilizing the economy. Happened during Monroe's presidency, though he easily won reelection. |
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| 1819 - Sec. of State J.Q. Adams negotiated the acquisition of Florida from Spain. |
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| mutual noninterference - "you stay out of the west and we'll stay out of your squabbles" toward Europe. |
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| Henry Clay - admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine became a free state, drew the 36'30 line, southern border of Missouri became the northernmost point where slavery would be permitted. Split the D-R's. |
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| Jackson won popular vote, though no one had the majority so the election was decided in the House of Rep.'s. Clay threw his support to J.Q. Adam's, and in return, Adam's made Henry Clay his Sec. of State. |
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| Birth of the Democratic Party |
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| Furious that he lost the election of 1824, despite his win in the popular vote, Jackson organized a coalition of community leaders. |
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| Accused Jackson of murdering his enlisted men during the Indian Wars - beginning of modern political campaigning. |
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| Trading jobs for political favors - Jackson was the first to be criticized for it. |
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| Replaced Jeffersonian Democracy - envisioned a nation of yeoman farmers, protected by the limited powers of the central government - universal manhood suffrage. |
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| Enacted during Jackson's presidency. |
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| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia & Worcester v. Georgia |
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| Marshall sided with the Native Americans, though Jackson disregarded it - "Trail of Tears" |
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| 1828 - States wanted to nullify it - though Jackson was a proponent of states' rights, he thought that nullification was too extreme and endangered the union. |
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| Jackson - buyers of government land now had to pay "hard cash", causing a money shortage -> economic hardship - Congress overturned it at the end of Jackson's term. |
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| Black Slave who attempted to gather black slaves to rebel, killed many whites |
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| Passed after Nat Turner's rebellion - prohibited blacks from congregating and learning to read. |
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| United against the Democrats. Believed in government activism, especially with social issues - they were also very religious and supported the temperance movement |
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| Succeeded Jackson during an economic crisis (panic of 1837) - made situation worse by continuing Jackson's hard currency policy |
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| First Whig president, though he died a month into his term and John Tyler, a Democrat, took over. |
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