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| A native American trading center in the Mississippi valley near St. Louis. It had a population of 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. |
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| Explorer and trader who developed an overland route to the far east |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| Portuguese ruler who built a school devoted to exploration. Died in 1486. |
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| Genoan explorer who sailed in service of Ferdinand and Isabella |
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| Spanish queen from Castille, married to King Ferdinand of Aragon |
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| First European to see the Pacific Ocean |
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| First European to circumnavigate the globe, although he died before his ships returned home |
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| Conquistador who defeated the Aztecs in 1518 with smallpox and lies |
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| Capital city of the Aztecs, on what is now Mexico City, sacked in 1518 |
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| Landless Spanish fighters and explorers who conquered and pillaged Central and South America |
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| Conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru (1538) |
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| Spanish fort in Florida, established in 1565 |
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| Spanish town in New Mexico, founded in 1609. The oldest state capital in the U.S. |
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| Abundant new world crop, cultivated by the indians |
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| Genoan who explored North America for Henry VII in 1497, looking for the northwest passage. |
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| Economic theory emphasizing balance of trade and limited resources in the world |
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| German priest who challenged the Roman Catholic church practices in 1517 |
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| Swiss theologian and developer of predestination |
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| Protestants who wanted to split away from Britain |
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| French colony to the north of New England |
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| English navigator who made four voyages looking for the northwest passage. Died in 1911. |
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| Old New York, founded in 1624 by the Dutch East India Company |
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| Massive Spanish fleet of Philip II aimed at invading England in 1588 |
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| Raleigh's half-brother, sailed the Squirrel to colonize Newfoundland in 1583 |
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| Adventurer and sometime pirate, founder of Roanoke, died in 1618 |
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| Failed colony founded in 1585 |
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| First successful English town, founded in 1608 |
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| Adventurer who led Jamestown |
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| Married Pocahontas and cultivated tobacco |
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| Grants of land donated to new settlers in the Chesapeake by the Virginia Company and the Lords Baltimore |
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| Virginia House of Burgesses |
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| The first elected government body in the British colonies |
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| Chief of indians near Jamestown and father of Pocahontas |
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| Daughter of Powhatan, married to John Rolfe |
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| A Catholic British lord who founded Maryland |
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| 1649 Act Concerning Religion |
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| Assured freedom of religion in Maryland, in the face of a growing protestant population |
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| Governor of Virginia who spurred Bacon's Rebellion |
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| Led a revolt against Gov. Berkeley, a clash between landed and landless |
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| Puritans from England who moved to Holland and then to Plymouth in 1620 |
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| Settled by pilgrims in 1620 |
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| first colonial agreement that formed a government by the consent of the governed |
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| Governor of Plymouth colony |
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| The Massachusetts Bay Company |
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| English trading company that evolved into a theocracy, organized in 1628, founded Boston |
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| Governor of Boston under Mass Bay Co.in 1630 |
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| Winthrop's vision of an idealized example for the old world |
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| Founder of Rhode Island, an anti-British separatist preacher |
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| Notable antinomian leader who fled from Boston to Connecticut and then to New York |
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| The belief that people cannot obtain salvation through good works -- faith alone is all that is required. |
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| 1637 Conflict almost wiping out the Mohegans in Connecticut |
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| King Philip aka Metacomet was a Wampanoag chieftain who resisted English colonization, fought the English in 1675 for 3 years |
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| Beheaded after the english Civil War in 1649 |
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| Parliament vs. King Charles |
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| Lord Protector of England and leader of the victorious protestant faction in the English Civil War |
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| Restored King of England, son of Charles I, crowned in 1660 |
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| 1st Earl of Shaftesbury and strong parlimentarian involved in civil war and restoration |
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| British-controlled islands in the Caribbean, known for exporting sugar and slaves |
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| The Catholic king of England, dethroned in glorious revolution |
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| The quakers, a pacifist protestant denomination |
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| A quaker convert and founder of Pennsylvania |
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| Most prosperous of all Spanish northern colonies by 1799 it had 10,000 euros |
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| Founded Georgia with the intent of creating a haven for debtors |
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| 1660 British acts restricting colonial trade to ships of British origin |
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| 1675 body created to recommend imperial reform |
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| James II's amalgamation of NY, MA etc. under one governor |
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| Unpopular royal governor of New England |
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| The protestant power couple brought in to replace the Catholic king of England in 1688 |
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| The bloodless replacement of King James II with William and Mary in 1688 |
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| Dutch merchantman who revolted against the British governor of New York |
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| Protestant supporters of parliament |
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| 5 years of slavery in exchange for a ticket and some clothing |
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| The long journey of slaves from Africa to the new world |
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| Early 18th c. laws granting white masters absolute authority over black slaves |
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| French protestants (Calvinists) many settling in America after the Edict of Nantes revocation in 1685 |
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| German farmers settled in Pennsylvania |
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| First ironworks in the States, a business failure. |
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| Ran the first successful ironworks in the States, founded in 1764 |
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| simplification of rum, slaves, sugar trade network |
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| Failed 1739 slave revolt in South Carolina |
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| Primary form of local government in New England, held in churches |
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| Sermons deploring the drop in piety |
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| A perceived waning of piety, due in part to migration etc |
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| Religious revival reaching its peak in 1740 |
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| Founders of Methodism, visited Georgia in 1730s |
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| Terrifying Great Awakening preacher from Northampton |
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| Great Awakening era Revivalists |
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| Great Awakening era traditionalists |
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| Intellectual movement celebrating rational thought and natural laws |
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| America's most famous almanac, written by Ben Franklin |
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| College founded in 1636 Cambridge, MA by Puritans |
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| College established in 1693 Williamsburg, VA by Anglicans |
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| The leading British scientific organization of the enlightenment |
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| Preminent statesman and enlightenment scientist of America |
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| His 1734 trial in NY ruled that factually true criticisms about government were not libel |
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| Ben Franklin proposed a system of general govt to conduct relations with Indians--shot down |
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| A strong union of 5 major tribes in the central Northeast (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida) |
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| Geo. Washington's stockade in the Ohio valley, staging ground for Virginian attack on French, the beginning of the French & Indian War |
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| Captured Quebec (but died there) in a sneak attack of 1759 |
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| Crowned in 1760, assertive and not-too-bright, destablized govt |
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| Set Appalachians as a the limit for western expansion |
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| Banned colonial assemblies from issuing paper money |
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| Pushed the Virginia Resolves |
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| Chancellor of exchequer enforced Mutiny Act & established boards of customs |
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| Brewer and Patriot and inflammatory writer |
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| Virtual and Actual Representation |
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| Direct rep via vote versus grander idealized version |
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| Bostonians heaved tea into the harbor to prevent it from being sold |
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| American militia ready to fight on a minute's notice |
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| Called the French and Indian War by colonial Americans, it ended in 1763. |
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| Brought Queen Anne's war to a close, transferred land to British |
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| Pittsburgh-located French military fort in Ohio Valley |
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| Handed over to English as part of the Peace of Paris |
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| George III's prime minister, believed in enforcing laws in colonies |
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| Act requiring colonists to help provision and maintain the English armu |
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| Act placing a tax on every colonial printed document |
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| Resolutions asserting the rights of Americans as Englishmen, in response to the Stamp Act |
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| Act that raised duty on sugar, lowered duty on molasses & established vice-admiralty courts in America to try smugglers |
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| Governor of Massachusetts, his house was sacked in 1765 by a stamp act mob |
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| Duties on lead, paper, paint and tea |
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| Committee of Correspondence |
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| Proposed by Sam Adams to publicize grievances against England (1772) |
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| Act giving British East India Co permission to export tea directly to colonies (1773) |
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| The Coercive Acts of 1774 |
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| Punitive acts closing Boston harbor, quartering troops, etc. (1774) |
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| British commander of the military in America, also governor of Massachusetts |
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| White immigrants of French descent |
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| Rookie leader at Fort Necessity |
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| The forcible enlistment of colonists into the British army, for the 7 years war |
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| The 1763 accord ending the 7 years war and giving French territory to England |
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| Ottawa tribal chieftain whose attacks hastened the Proclamation of 1763 |
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| Pennsylvania frontiersmen who demanded tax relief and support against the indians |
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| Arranged for the intercolonial Stamp Act Congress |
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| Act asserting British authority to tax America, in the wake of Stamp Act repeal |
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| Hassled soldiers shoot and kill 5 Bostonians |
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| British revenue schooner boarded and sunk by Rhode Island colonists |
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| Sewing circles to augment now-scarce finished goods |
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| Delegates from all colonies (except Georgia) convened in Philadelphia to address the Intolerable Acts in September of 1774 |
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| Immediate trigger that started the War of Independence |
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| Boston silversmith with a famous horseride, who was also created inflammatory political illustrations |
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| A Son of Liberty who rode with Revere to warn Lexington and Concord |
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