Term
| Functions of the urinary system include: |
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Definition
a.Regulate blood volume, blood pressure
b.Regulate plasma concentrations of electrolytes, blood glucose
c.Stabilizing blood pH and maintenance of blood osmolarity
d.Eliminating organic waste products
e.Conservation of valuable nutrients
f.Production of hormones |
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Term
| The components of the urinary system include |
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Definition
| kidney, urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra. |
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Term
| In normal, healthy individuals, |
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Definition
| 1200 cc of blood flows through the kidneys each minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| urinary bladder by the ureters |
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Term
| General anatomical characteristics of the kidneys: |
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Definition
a.Retroperitoneal (located behind the peritoneum)
b.Surrounded by a renal capsule
c.Held in place by a renal fascia
d.Cushioned by a thick layer of fat tissue
e.Left kidney is higher than right kidney |
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Term
| ____ the point of entry for blood vessels and nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ the expanded end of a nephron that includes Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus. Renal corpuscle is a structure of a nephron where blood plasma is filtered. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ a knot of capillaries that lines within the renal corpuscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are conical structures that are located in the_____ . |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal columns are the portions of the ____ that lie between ____ and extend from the renal cortex toward _____ |
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Definition
renal cortex
pyramids
the renal sinus |
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Term
| There are ___ and ___ in the glomerulus. If there is an obstruction in the glomerulus, _____ |
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Definition
afferent and efferent arterioles
he blood flow in the efferent arterioles will be affected. |
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Term
| 13. Papillary ducts are responsible for the |
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Definition
| delivery of urine to the minor calyces. |
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Term
| Major calyces are large branch |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal pelvis is the forming of the |
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Definition
| expanded end of the ureter |
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Term
16. JGA (justaglomerular apparatus) = the cells of the macula densa + the justaglomerular cells.
a.Macula densa: __
b.Justaglomerular cells: |
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Definition
the compact area of the columnar epithelial cells of the final part of the loop of Henle.
Modified smooth muscle fiber cells of the afferent arteriole |
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Term
| __ is the basic functional structure and unit of the kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two kinds of nephron |
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Definition
a.CORTICAL NEPHRONS: at the renal cortex (85%)
b.JUSTA-MEDULLARY NEPHRONS: Loop of Henle extends into deepest area of the renal medulla (15%) |
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Term
| The structures of a nephrons include a |
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Definition
| renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. |
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Term
| PCT (proximal convoluted tubule): |
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Definition
| the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle |
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Term
| 21.The primary function of the PCT |
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Definition
| is absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. |
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Term
| DCT (distal convoluted tubule): |
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Definition
| the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. |
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Term
| primary function of the DCT |
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Definition
| is secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins |
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Term
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Definition
a.the horse-shaped segment of the nephron
b.Functions to form a concentrated urine
c.It is made up both squamous epithelium and cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
| The process of filtration occurs at |
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Definition
| the Bowman capsules of the renal corpuscles |
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Term
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Definition
a.Modified simple squamous epithelial cells in the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule.
b.Contain the most selective pores in the filtration membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| endothelial cells of the glomerulus + podocytes |
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Term
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Definition
a.Vasa recta are straight peritubular capillaries of the juxta- medullary nephrons of the that accompanies the loop of Henle
b.Vasa recta is very permeable to water , therefore it plays an important role in forming concentrated urine by reclaiming most of the filtrate |
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Term
| Collecting ducts are located in the ___. Damage to |
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Definition
renal medulla
Damage to the renal medulla would interfere with the function of the collecting ducts. |
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Term
| The characteristics of a normal urine sample include: |
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Definition
| amber color, clear, acidic pH, Specific Gravity (SG) >1. |
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Term
| The normal constituents of urine are |
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Definition
| urea, hydrogen ions, salts, creatinine… |
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Term
| Sympathetic activation of the kidney results in |
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Definition
a.Decrease the glomerular filtration rate (GFR ↓)
b.Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles
c.Produce renal ischemia
d.Releasing hormone RENIN |
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Term
| The process of filtration is driven by |
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Definition
| blood hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| 34. The filtration pressure at the glomerulus is equal to the difference of the blood hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure (NET FITRATION = HYDROSTATIC FORCE – OSMOTIC FORCE[opposite force]) |
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Definition
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Term
| GFR (glomerular rate) is the amount of filtrate produced |
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Definition
| by the kidneys each minute. |
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Term
| In the normal kidneys, the GFR increased when: |
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Definition
a.Dilation of the afferent arteriole (opening or DILATION the “in” vessel to bring more blood to the glomerulus, this causes increasing hydrostatic force)
b.Constriction of the efferent arteriole (narrowing or CONSTRICTION the ‘’out” vessel to create more pressure in the glomerulus, this causes increasing hydrostatic force)
c.Decreasing in the plasma protein in the blood (this causes reducing osmotic force)
d.Increased net filtration pressure (the more pressure, the more filtration) |
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Term
| 37. Tubular reabsorption involves active transport, facilitated diffusion, co-transport (symporters), counter-transport (Antiporters) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cotransport and countertransport |
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Definition
| are secondary active transport (no ATP required) |
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Term
| When the concentration of GLUCOSE and AMINO ACIDS are relatively HIGH in the filtrate, they are reabsorbed by |
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Definition
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Term
| When the concentration of GLUCOSE and AMINO ACIDS are relatively LOW in the filtrate, they are reabsorbed by |
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Definition
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Term
| Chloride and hydrogen ions are moved across the tubular membrane by |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of transporters (carrier-mediated transporters) |
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Definition
a.an upper limit of transport (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM)
b.Have a variable distribution of carrier proteins from one portion of the cell surface to another |
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Term
| 43.The cells of PCT normally reabsorb: |
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Definition
a.60% of the volume of the filtrate
b.Cations such as sodium, calcium, and magnesium
c.Anions such as bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
d.All of glucose and other nutrients under normal conditions |
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Term
| 44.Substances secreted by the DCT include |
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Definition
a.H+ (acids)
b.K+ (associated with acidosis)
c.Penicillin (drugs)
d.Ammonia (toxic substance)
e.Creatinine (wastes) |
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Term
| Keep in mind that HYDROGEN IONS (H+) are NOT REABSORBED; |
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Definition
| that is a reason why urine is acidic. |
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Term
| The role of “countercurrent multiplication” in the kidney is to produce a concentration gradient that will allow |
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Definition
| the nephron to produce a hypotonic filtrate. |
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Term
| Role of the LOOP OF HENLE in the counter current multiplier. |
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Definition
a.Water leaks OUT of the descending limb by osmosis
b.The descending limb is impermeable to electrolytes; solutes retain, therefore the filtrate in the descending is HYPERTONIC (600-900 mosm)
c.Electrolytes (sodium and chloride ions) pumped OUT of the ascending limb by active transport
d.The ascending limb is impermeable to water; water retains, therefore the filtrate in the ascending limb is HYPOTONIC (300-200 mosm) |
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Term
| The mechanisms for maintaining the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla require: |
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Definition
a.Active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limbs to the peritubular space.
b.Active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the peritubular space to the vasa recta.
c.The ascending limb of the loop of Henle must be impermeable to water
d.Vasa recta must be permeable to water to maintain osmosis |
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Term
| is passively reabsorbed (passive diffusion) in the PCT |
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Definition
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Term
| facilitated diffusion in the collecting ducts |
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Definition
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Term
| When hormone ADH increases, |
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Definition
| less urine is produced, more water retains in the body. |
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Term
| When hormone aldosterone increases, |
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Definition
| the specific gravity is low because sodium ion (Na+) is reabsorbed (more sodium in the blood, less sodium ions in the urine) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine |
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Term
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Definition
| is plasma concentration at which all of the carrier transports for a given substance are saturated. |
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Term
| When the renal threshold for a substance exceeds the tubular maximum, |
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Definition
| the substance will be found in the urine. |
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Term
| the urinary bladder are lined by |
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Definition
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Term
| The detrusor muscle___ . Its function is to |
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Definition
is part of the wall of the urinary bladder.
compress the urinary bladder and expel urine through the urethra. |
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Term
During the micturition reflex (chose not to urinate)
) |
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Definition
a.Stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall result in afferent impulses arriving in the SACRAL region (S2) of the spinal cord
b.There is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons (pelvic nerve) that control the smooth muscle of the bladder (detrusor muscle contracts)
c.The internal sphincter smooth muscle must be involuntary open via pelvic nerve
d.The external sphincter skeletal muscle must be voluntary closed via pudendal nerve (reflex |
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Term
| During the micturition (voiding) (choose to urinate); |
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Definition
a.Stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall result in afferent impulses arriving in the SACRAL region (S2) of the spinal cord
b.There is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons (pelvic nerve) that control the smooth muscle of the bladder (detrusor muscle contracts)
c.The internal sphincter smooth muscle must be involuntary open via pelvic nerve
d.The external sphincter skeletal muscle must be voluntary open via pudendal nerve |
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Term
| The urinary system regulates blood volume and blood pressure by |
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Definition
a.Releasing hormone renin
b.Releasing hormone EPO (erythropoietin)
c.Responding to ADH to adjust the volume of water lost in the urine |
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Term
| Changes that occur in the urinary system with AGING |
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Definition
a.Decreased number of functional nephrons
b.Decreased sensitivity to ADH
c.Problem with the micturition reflex
d.Loss of sphincter muscle tones |
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Term
Define:
a.POLYURIA:
b.OLIGURIA:
c.ANURIA: |
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Definition
excessive production of urine
inadequate production of urine
lack of production of urine (no urine at all) |
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Term
| In response to increased levels of aldosterone, |
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Definition
| the kidney produce urine with lower specificity |
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