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| 1. What type of nephron lies mostly in the cortex? |
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Definition
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| 2. What type of nephron lies mostly in the medulla? |
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Definition
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| 3. What type of nephron is responsible for most regulatory functions? |
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Definition
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| 4. What type of nephron is responsible for regulating the osmolarity of the blood? |
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Definition
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| 5. What are the three processes needed to properly filter the blood and produce urine? |
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Definition
| glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion |
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Term
| 6. What is the fluid produced during glomerular filtration? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. Will the filtrate in the glomerular capsule have RBCs, platelets, proteins and lipids in it? |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. What is the term for a damaged nephron where large substances that should not leak out of the glomerulus do? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. What is the condition where blood cells or proteins end up in the urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Which process is the SELECTIVE movement of filtrate from the renal tubule into the interstitial fluid, then into the blood? |
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Definition
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| 11. Which process is the SELECTIVE movement of substances from the blood into the interstitial fluid, then into the renal tubule? |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. Are tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion aided by active or passive forces? |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. How much of the cardiac output actually goes to the kidneys? |
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Definition
| about 20% (renal fraction) |
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Term
| 14. Since the average cardiac ouput is 5,000 ml/min - what would be the average renal blood flow rate? |
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Definition
| about 1,000 ml/min (500 ml/min to each kidney) |
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Term
| 15. If the amount of blood going to the kidneys is 1,000 ml/min - how much of that is plasma? |
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Definition
| about 55% (100%-normal hematocrit) |
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Term
| 16. Knowing the average renal blood flow rate and the average hematocrit - what is the average renal plasma flow rate? |
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Definition
| 550 ml/min (225 ml/min each kidney) |
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Term
| 17. What % of the plasma going through the glomerulus is actually filtered to become filtrate? |
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Definition
| 20% (filtration fraction) |
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Term
| 18. What would equal the renal plasma flow rate x the filtration fraction? |
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Definition
| the glomerular filtration rate (amount of plasma that becomes filtrate per minute) |
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Term
| 19. What is the average glomerular filtration rate? |
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Definition
| 110 ml/min (55 ml/min each kidney) |
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Term
| 20. About what % of all the filtrate produced goes back into the body (110 ml/min would add up to a lot in 1 day)? |
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Definition
| about 99% goes back into the blood |
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Term
| 21. If you take all the forces that favor filtration and subtract all the forces that oppose filtration, what would you end up with? |
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Definition
| the net filtration pressure |
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Term
| 22. What is the glomerular filtration rate proportional to (what could change it)? |
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Definition
| the net filtration pressure |
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Term
| 23. What is the pressure that favors glomerular filtration? |
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Definition
| glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| 24. What are the pessures that oppose glomerular filtration? |
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Definition
| plasma colloid osmotic pressure, and Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| 25. What is the average net filtration pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. What type of pressure is due to the afferent arteriole being wider than the efferent arteriole, so the blood in the glomerulus exerts a force on the walls of the capillary? |
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Definition
| glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| 27. What type of pressure is due to the high concentration of substances in the blood that wants to draw fluid toward them? |
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Definition
| plasma colloid osmotic pressure |
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Term
| 28. What type of pressure is due to the fluid in the glomerular capsule exerting a force on the capsule walls? |
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Definition
| Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| 29. Is the glomerulus highly permeable? |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. What type of regulation of glomerular filtration rate involves changing the degree of constriction of the afferent arteriole? |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. What two things can cause the afferent arteriole to change it's radius? |
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Definition
| blood pressure and filtrate flow |
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Term
| 40. What will happen to the afferent arteriole if there is an increase in systemic blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. What will happen to the afferent arteriole if there is a decrease in systemic blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. What will happen to the afferent arteriole if there is an increase in the rate of filtrate flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. What happens to renal blood flow and glomerular hydrostatic pressure when the afferent arteriole constricts? |
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Definition
| decrease in renal blood flow and decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| 44. What happens to renal blood flow and glomerular hydrostatic pressure when the afferent arteriole dilates? |
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Definition
| increase in renal blood flow and increase in glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| 45. Why regulate the radius of the afferent arteriole? |
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Definition
| to maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
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Term
| 46. Does the sympathetic nervous system affect the glomerular filtration rate? |
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Definition
| yes (must be strong stimulus) |
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Term
| 47. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the afferent arteriole? |
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Definition
| constricts afferent arteriole (decrease renal blood flow and glomerular hydrostatic pressure) |
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Term
| 48. What happens to the GFR if renal blood flow and glomerular hydrostatic pressure decrease? |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. What happens to the GFR if renal blood flow and glomerular hydrostatic pressure increase? |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. What is the process where water and solutes move from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. What 3 things enhance reabsorption in the peritubular capillaries? |
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Definition
| capillaries are very permeable / colloid osmotic pressure is high in capillaries / hydrostatic pressure is low in capillaries |
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Term
| 52. What things are reabsorbed from the proximal tubule? |
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Definition
| Na+ , Cl- , HCO3- , PO4-3 , Ca+2 , Mg+2 , amino acids, glucose, water |
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Term
| 53. Is the descending limb of the Loop of Henle permeable to water? |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. Is the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle permeable to water? |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. What things are reabsorbed back into the blood in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle? |
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Definition
| Na+ , Cl- , HCO3- , Ca+2 , Mg+2 (same electrolytes as proximal tubule but no phosphate) |
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Term
| 56. What things are reabsorbed back into the blood from the distal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
| Na+ , Cl- , K+ , Ca+2 , Mg+2 , and water |
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Term
| 57. What things are reabsorbed back into the blood from the collecting duct? |
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Definition
| Na+ , Cl- , HCO3- , K+ , Ca+2, urea, and water |
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Term
| 58. What two things are usually 100% reabsorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. What two things are usually 99% reabsorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. What determines how much of substances are reabsorbed back into the body? |
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Definition
| what body needs to meet setpoint levels |
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Term
| 61. What is the process where substances that were not filtered at the glomerulus are secreted into the renal tubule from the peritubular capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. The organic anion transport that occurs in the proximal tubule transports certain acids (uric acid, bile salts, antibiotics, creatinine, drugs) in exchange for what other substance? |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. What things are secreted from the blood into the proximal tubule? |
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Definition
| organic acids, H+ , NH3+ (ammonia) |
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Term
| 64. What things are secreted from the blood into the distal tubule? |
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Definition
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Term
| 65. What things are secreted from the blood into the collecting duct? |
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Definition
| H+ , K+ , NH3+ , and urea |
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Term
| 66. Where does the majority of ammonia (NH3+) secretion take place? |
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Definition
| in distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| 67. What is the only part of the nephron that is impermeable to water? |
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Definition
| ascending limb of the Loop of Henle |
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