Remove liquid waste from the blood 

and

Help to maintain homeostatic blood chemistry

Kidney

Ureter

Bladder

Urethera

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Tubule

Consists of Glomerulus and capsule

Capillary bed of Glomerulus filters blood thru small openings called finestrae

All plasma components are filtered out leaving behind only red and white blood cells and large proteins

Plasma components then enter the second part of the nephron called the tubule.

The proximal convoluted tubule

The loop of henle

The distal convoluted tubule

The collecting ducts

The movement of substances from the tubule back into the blood

and

Reconstitutes blood plasma

Movement of substances from the blood into the tubule

and

Helps keep cellular waste in the tubule and regulates pH

Reabsorption of water in the descending limb

and

Reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, and K+ in the ascending limb

When water in blood plasma decreases,

sodium ions become more concentrated

This stimulates the hypothalamus to

stimulate the pituitary to release ADH

ADH reaches the kidneys and causes the collecting ducts to reabsorb more water

Thereby, reducing plasma water loss and 

slowing the dehydration process

When plasma levels of sodium ions decrease

or

when plasma levels of potassium ions increase

Increased reabsorption of Na+(sodium)

and

Increased secretion of K+(potassium)

When plasma levels of sodium ions decrease or when plasma levels of potassium ions increase, the cortex of the Adrenal Gland releases aldosterone

Aldosterone targets the kidney tubules increasing the reabsorption of Na+ and increasing the secretion of K+

Returning concentration back to homeostatic levels

A decrease in blood volume

(less water in plasma)

Stimulate receptors in the hypothalamus

A decrease in blood volume (less water in plasma) stimulates receptors in the hypothalamus creating the sensation of thirst

When water is consumed in sufficient quantity to distend the stomach and water begins to enter the blood stream, the hypothalamus inhibits the thirst sensation

95% water

pH - 6 (4.5 - 8)

Color - clear to yellow

Urea - amino acid metabolism

Uric acid - nucleic acid metabolism

Creatinine - ATP metabolism

Ions - Na+, K+, Phosphate, sulphate

Variable amounts of  Calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate

Urea

Uric acid

Creatinine

Na+, K+, phosphate, sulphate

Calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate

Glucose

Protein

Ketone bodies

Hemoglobin

Bile pigments

Red blood cells

White blood cells

1. High sugar diet

2. Diabetes mellitus

1. Excessive physical exertion

2. Pregnany

3. High protein diet

4. Hypertension

5. Kidney disease

1. Starvation

2. Diabetes mellitus

1. Anemia

2. Severe burns

1. Hepatitis

2. Cirrhosis

3. Obstruction of bile ducts

Osmosis

Diffusion

Active transport

Higher levels of potassium, hydrogen phosphate, and magnesium

Lesser amounts of bicarbonate

Spinal fluid

Aqueous and vitreous humor

Synovial fluid

Serous fluid (body cavities)

Higher levels of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate

Lesser amounts of potassium, calcium, and magnesium

Critical for muscle contractions (sodium and calcium ions)

Critical for neural transmission (sodium ions)

Critical for membrane transport of numerous substances

Critical for regulating fluid pH

60% beverage

30% food

10% metabolism(respiration)

1500 mls

60%

750 mls

30%

250%

10%

60% urine

28% skin and breathing

8% sweat

4% feces

CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-

Carbon dioxide + water --> Hydrogen ion + Bicarbonic acid

To remove H+ and OH- from a solution as fast as they are added so that pH remains constant.

In doing that, they convert strong acids to weaker ones and strong bases to weaker ones.

1. Bicarbonate system

2. Phosphate system

3. Protein system

HCO3- + H+ --> H2CO3

Bicarbonate + Hydrogen ion --> Carbonic acid

H2CO3 + OH- --> HCO3- + H2O

Carbonic acid + Hydroxide ion --> Bicarbonate + water

HPO4-2 + H+ --> H2PO4-

Monohydrogen phosphate + Hydrogen ion --> dihydrogen 

H2PO4- + OH- --> HPO4-2 + H2O

Dihydrogen phosphate + hydroxide --> Monohydrogen +water

COO-

Carboxylate group

COO- + H+ --> COOH

Carboxylate + hydrogen ion --> carboxyl

COOH

Carboxyl

COOH + OH- --> COO- + H2O

Carboxyl + hydroxide ion --> Carboxylate + water

Respiratory center

Kidneys

It controls respiration rates, thereby regulating CO2 levels in blood

CO2 levels rise

pH drops

Respiratory center increases respiration rate

CO2 levels drop

pH returns to 7.4