Term
| What may sediment include? |
|
Definition
| cells, casts, crystals, and amorphous deposits? |
|
|
Term
| What are amorphous deposits? |
|
Definition
| shapeless, formless aggregations of tiny mineral crystals. most abundant constituent of sediment. little clinical significance |
|
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Term
| What would a large number of WBC and bacteria indicate? |
|
Definition
| bacterial infection along the urinary/reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
| What would the presence of a large number of renal epithelial cells indicate? |
|
Definition
| Viral infection of the kidney, or severe damage to kidney tubules |
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Term
|
Definition
| cylindrical concretions that form when protein solidifies in a kidney tubules and traps cells and cellular debris |
|
|
Term
| What are casts useful for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homogeneous, semitransparent casts form from mucus proteins of kidney tubule cells |
|
|
Term
| What can RBC casts indicate? |
|
Definition
| rbc leading into tubules via damaged glomeruli |
|
|
Term
| What do large numbers of crystals usually indicate? |
|
Definition
| activity of a disease process or the use of a particular drug |
|
|
Term
| In what kind of urine are triple phosphate crystals found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are cystine crystals normal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are cystine crystals found? |
|
Definition
| Urine of people with either Fanconi's syndrome or cystinuria |
|
|
Term
| What are Fanconi's syndrome or cystinuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of fanconi's syndrome or cystinuria? |
|
Definition
| failure of transport of amino acid cystine across cell membrane, causing accumulation into crystals, potentially forming a kidney stone |
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of a kidney stone? |
|
Definition
| Sluggish flow of urine, leading to frequent UTI. Long term serious kidney damage |
|
|
Term
| What forms teh color of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intensity of the yellow color correlated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What negative things can turbidity of urine indicate? |
|
Definition
| activity of a disease process, presence of pus, blood cells, bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What benign cause can effect urine turbidity? |
|
Definition
| Presence of fat globules resulting from eat a fatty meal. Or a change in temperature or pH as sample rests |
|
|
Term
| How is specific gravity of urine changed? |
|
Definition
| Concentration of solutes. |
|
|
Term
| What are some chemical substances that may appear in urine? |
|
Definition
| glucose, protein, hemoglobin, hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
| What can the occasional presence of measurable glucose indicate? |
|
Definition
| A meal high in carbohydrates was consumed. |
|
|
Term
| What can the presence of continuously measurable glucose indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the occasional presence of protein indicate? |
|
Definition
| High protein meal, heavy exertion, pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What does continuously high protein indicate? |
|
Definition
| Disease conditions that damage the walls of glomeruli; diabetes, glomerulonephritis, high blood pressure, lupus, streptococcal infections |
|
|
Term
| What is glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| inflammation of the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| Is hemoglobin normally present in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can the presence of hemoglobin be benign? |
|
Definition
| As a result of menstrual bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What does the presence of hemoglobin in urine generally indicate? |
|
Definition
| Abnormally high hemoglobin levels in blood |
|
|
Term
| Why might hemoglobin levels be abnormally high? |
|
Definition
| Transfusino of incompatible blood, hemolytic anemias caused by drugs, chemicals or malaria, and severe burns |
|
|
Term
| What is the pH range of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can low pH indicate? |
|
Definition
| sleeping and eating meals rich in proteins, diabetes, utis |
|
|
Term
| What can High pH indicate? |
|
Definition
| diet high in vegetables, uti causing bacteria such as Proteus |
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|
Term
| Are nephrons located in the cortex region, in the medulla region, or partly in both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Bowman's capsule? |
|
Definition
| represents the beginning of the tubule of a nephron |
|
|
Term
| What is the compact capillary bed contained within bowman's capsule called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the model the afferent arteriole carries blood into which capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which arteriole enters bowman's capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which arteriole exits bowman's capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the efferent arteriole lead to? |
|
Definition
| peritubular capillary bed |
|
|
Term
| What are teh thin, cream-colored cells covering teh surface of the glomerular capillaries? (on the model) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the podocytes represent? |
|
Definition
| inner wall of bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| What are teh sinuous red lines between the podocyte cells? (on the model) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the filtration slits? |
|
Definition
| permit the flow of large amounts of plasma from the glomerular capillaries into the lumen of Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| What are the red colored cells in the model? |
|
Definition
| endothelial cells that form the walls of the glomerular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What are teh characteristics of the endothelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the short piece of greenish yellow tubule above teh afferent and efferent arterioles? (model) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of teh cells on the distal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| cells on the lower part of wall are slightly elongated |
|
|
Term
| The elongated cells of the DCT as well as the enlarged afferent arteriole constitute what? |
|
Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of teh JGA responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Regulating systemic blood pressure and in regulating the rate at which plasma is forced from glomerular capillaries into bowman's capsule. |
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