Term
| Metabolic wastes are excreted in urine: Urea comes from where? |
|
Definition
| Urea is from protein breakdown |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic wastes are excreted in urine: Uric acid comes from where? |
|
Definition
| Uric acid - from nucleic acid breakdown |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic wastes are excreted in urine: Bilirubin comes from where? |
|
Definition
| Bilirubin comes from hemoglobin breakdown. |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic wastes are excreted in urine: Creatinine comes from where? |
|
Definition
| Creatinine - from creatine phosphate breakdown (muscle). |
|
|
Term
| Kidneys conserve nutrients & blood, enters renal hilum, nuproteins: |
|
Definition
| Nutrients like glucose, amino acids; blood proteins like albumins |
|
|
Term
| What organs are used for urine storage and elimination? |
|
Definition
| ureters (2), urinary bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
| Muscular tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of muscle are in the ureters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the muscular sac that stores urine until voiding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As bladder fills, ____________ openings close preventing backflow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The urinary bladder is lined with what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What features are unique to the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
| transitional lining stretches as urinary bladder fills. Goblet cells secrete a protective coating of mucus that is both acidic and alkaline and holds for a # of hours. |
|
|
Term
| The internal urethral sphincter of the bladder is what type of muscle and nervous system? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle and involuntary |
|
|
Term
| The external urethral sphincter of the bladder is what type of muscle and nervous system? |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle and voluntary |
|
|
Term
| How does the male urethra differ from the female? |
|
Definition
| male urethra is longer and also conducts semen. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the kidneys located in the body? |
|
Definition
| the kidneys are located lateral to vertebral column, levels T12-L3. Right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the liver superior to the kidney. |
|
|
Term
| The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity of the body. Where are the kidneys located relating to the peritoneum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the adrenal glands related to the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| adrenal gland is on the superior aspect of each kidney |
|
|
Term
| Kidneys are protected by 3 layers of connective tissue. What are the 3 layers of tissue? |
|
Definition
| Renal fascia, adipose capsule, renal capsule |
|
|
Term
| Near the center of the medial concave border is an indentation that connects with ureter, renal artery, renal vein, and nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A shallow internal cavity divided into minor calyces, 2-3 major calyces, renal pelvis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ work nonstop to filter blood and produce urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are approximately 1 million of these per kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the nephron become urine? |
|
Definition
| along the collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| How many pyramids does the average adult kidney have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the blood supply of the kidney go through? |
|
Definition
| through the columns in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| There are typically 100,000 of these __________ in the cortex of the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kidneys receive approximately ______ of cardiac output (left ventricular output) which is equal to 1L of blood per _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branches from abdominal aorta, supplies each kidney with blood, enters renal hilum, numerous branches in renal cortes, each nephron is supplied by an afferent arteriole, each nephron is drained by peritublar capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drains blood from each kidney, returns blood to inferior vena cava. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each nephron has two capillary networks: _______ & _________. |
|
Definition
| glomerulu peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Blood flow in to renal artery from ___________ and flow out of renal vein by ______. |
|
Definition
| aorta, inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| Each nephron is supplied blood by an ___________ going into the glomerulus (fenestrated capillaries). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each nephron is drained by ___________ flowing from the efferent arterioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each nephron has 2 sections: _____________ & __________. |
|
Definition
| renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
| Function of renal corpuscle is filtration. There is a selective removal of filtrate from the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Through what structures are the filtrate removed from the blood? |
|
Definition
| Glomerulus (fenestrated capillaries), and Glomerular capsule (surrounds the glomerulus and captures the filtrate. |
|
|
Term
| The filtrate is modified by the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Filtrate is modified by the renal tubule through two functions: ___________ & _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures are used to modify the filtrate? |
|
Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the reabsortion function? |
|
Definition
| reabsorption returns filtered substances to the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the secretion function? |
|
Definition
| Secretion adds specific substances to the urine. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of nephrons? |
|
Definition
| cortical and juxtamedullary. 90% are cortical and 10% juxtamedullary |
|
|
Term
| What type of nephron are most nephrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does a cortical nephron have a short or long loop of henle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much urine does a well hydrated person void a day? |
|
Definition
| 1 - 2 liters, about 30 ml an hour |
|
|
Term
| Other __________ hook into the openings along the top of the collecting duct. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the _____________ urine is present. Water absorption is about done at this point. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glomerulus is surrounded by the _________, which captures the filtrate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ are close to the renal tubule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the flow of fluid through a cortical nephron? |
|
Definition
| Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of henle, ascending limb of the loop of henle, distal convoluted tuble. |
|
|
Term
| Are the peritubular capillary fenestrated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glomerulus are what type of capillary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ arteriol is after the glomerulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______brought blood from renal artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each _____________ nephron has a long loop of henle extending deep into the medulla. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This nephons specialize in concentrating the urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Modified peritubular capillaries, associated with the long loop of henle are the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flow of fluid through a juxtamedually nephon? |
|
Definition
| glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of henle, thin ascending limb of the loop of henle, thick ascending limb of the loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule (drains into collecting duct) |
|
|
Term
| Why is the step of filtration so important in the nephon? |
|
Definition
| Because if the filtration step isn't done correctly none of the rest of the process is correct. |
|
|
Term
| Filtrate is produced from the ____________, and captured in the _________ of the glomerular capsule. |
|
Definition
| fenestrated glomerulus, capsular space |
|
|
Term
| Several DCT's drain into a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first step of renal physiology is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process where water and most solutes are removed from the blood in the nephron. This fluid is called filtrate. It is not yet urine. |
|
|
Term
| Where does filtration take place? |
|
Definition
| In the renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What was lost in the filtrate is returned to the blood in peritubular caps. |
|
|
Term
| Reabsorption & secretion occur ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is reabsorption performed? |
|
Definition
| PCT (90%,almost all reabsorbtion is done in PCT, + loop + DCT + collecting duct) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of specific substances from peritubular blood to the tubular fluid. Opposite direction of reabsorption. |
|
|
Term
| ___________ production is completed in the collecting ducts (since they participate in reabsorption and secretion). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ supplies blood to the glomerulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ drains the glomerulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ is a coiled network of fenestrated capillaries located inside the glomerular capsule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ enters glomerular capsular space, then moves into PCT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are cells clinging to the surface of glomerulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ have long footlike processes called pedicels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ are found between coils of glomerulus and are ___________. |
|
Definition
| mesangial cells, contractile |
|
|
Term
| Mesangial cells help to regulate __________. How? |
|
Definition
| filtration, by reducing the surface area for filtration by tigthening the coils of the capillaries. Also lets contraction happen more often. |
|
|
Term
| Which has a greater diameter, the afferent arteriole or the efferent arteriole. What purpose does this larger size serve? |
|
Definition
| afferent has greater diameter, the larger size increases the blood pressure in the glomerulus, promoting filtration. |
|
|
Term
| These cells are contractile, having actin and mosin like filaments reducing the surface area of filtration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large total surface area promotes filtration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ help strengthen capillary wall by wrapping around capillary and act as another layer of filtration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the filtration membrane layers involved in filtration? |
|
Definition
| 1)Fenestrations, 2)basement membrane, 3) filtration slits |
|
|
Term
| If a substance can be filtered, it passes through __________ . |
|
Definition
| all three layers of the filtration membrane |
|
|
Term
| ____________ (pore) of glomerular endothelial cell: prevents filtration of blood cells but allows all components of blood plasma to pass through. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ of glomerulus: prevents filtration of larter proteins. It's the basement membrane of the glomerulus. It's the extracellular material between glomerulus and podocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ between pedicels: prevents filtration of medium sized proteins. Located between pedicels of podocytes, and covered by a then membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Features that promote filtration are : _________, _________, _________ |
|
Definition
| large total surface area, thin and porous filtration membrane, relatively high glomerular blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| Each glomerulus is long and coiled: approximately ___________ per kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glomerulus is regulated by ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relaxed mesangial cells of glomerulus membrane increase _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contracted mesangial cells of glomerulus membrane decrease _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ mesangial cells "tug" the glomerulus into tighter coils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relatively high glomerular blood pressue is due to diameter difference of ____________ and efferent arterioles. This difference boosts glomerular blood pressure to approximately ________ |
|
Definition
| afferent, 55mmHg to 60mmHg (avg = 18 mmHg). This is 3X higher blood pressure than other systemic capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| All substances are filtered on the basis of ______. Some substances (ex. some proteins) are also filtered on the basis of ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is not filtered (cannot cross filtration membrane? |
|
Definition
| Blood cells and platelets, most medium and large blood proteins (ex. albumins), and normally white blood cells also are not filtered. |
|
|
Term
| What is filtered (becoming the filtrate)? |
|
Definition
| Water and most plasma solutes, including ions and very small proteins, nutrients (ex. glucose, amino acids) we must obsorb nutrients, Metabolic wates (ex. urea, uric acid). |
|
|
Term
| Filtration is __________ driven. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerular blood pressure __________ filtration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capsular pressure _________ filtration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood's osmotic pressure ________ filtration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Considering all pressures, net filtration pressure = __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capsular hydrostatic pressure (15mmHg) is not higher because ___________. |
|
Definition
| It has a way out of the glomerulus through the proximal convoluted tubule. |
|
|
Term
| How is Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) determined? |
|
Definition
Net Filtration Pressure=
GBHP - CHP - BCOP
= 55mmHg- 15mmHg - 30mmHg
= 10mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Does blood or filtrate have more solutes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) = volume of __________ formed by the kidney per minute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal audit male GFR = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal adult female GFR = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of amount of filtrate pushed out of glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| Urine output averages only ______ liters per day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Little/Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only place in the kidney where filtration occurs is in the________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis of body fluids requires that the kidneys maintain a relatively constant ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the GFR is too low? |
|
Definition
| filtrate is produced too slowly. As it travels slowly through the renal tubule, too many SOLUTES are reabsorbed. |
|
|
Term
| Abnormally low GFR causes increased levels of blood ______ & ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If GFR is too low are there unwanted wastes that could be reabsored? |
|
Definition
| Yes reabsorbed., creatinine waste is overly |
|
|
Term
| What happens if GFR is too high? |
|
Definition
| Filtrate is produced too fast. Not enough solutes - such as nutrients - are reabsorbed. |
|
|
Term
| Abnormally high GFR causes what? |
|
Definition
| An abnor nutrumally high GFR causes too nutrients (glucose) and ions to be lost in the urine. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms that regulate GFR work in what two main ways? |
|
Definition
| 1)By adjusting the amount of blood flow to the glomerulus 2)By changing the glomerular surface area available for filtration. |
|
|
Term
| Three mechanisms that regulate GFR are: 1)________ 2)_________ 3)__________ |
|
Definition
1)Renal autoregulation
2)Neural regulation
3)Hormonal regulation |
|
|
Term
| What is Renal autoregulation? |
|
Definition
| The capability for each nephron to reulate its own GFR despite small, normal fluctuations in systemic blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What is the dominant mechanism regulating GFR under normal circumstances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the Neural Regulation of GFR act? |
|
Definition
| During periods of high sympathetic stimulation. For example, during periods of intense exercise, extreme physical stress, hemorrhage or other physiological emergency. The body looks at these activities and sees that the least important thing is for the kidneys to get blood flow and redirects blood to other body tissues. |
|
|
Term
| When does Hormonal regulation of the GFR happen? |
|
Definition
| Hormonal regulations of the GFR takes place when the body needs to control blood volume and systemic blood pressure. The kidneys are used in hormone regulation as a "tool" for blood pressure homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods of Renal Autoregulation? |
|
Definition
1)Myogenic mechanism - gives a fast response in seconds.
2)Tubuloglomerular Feedback - gives a somewhat slower response, in minutes.
Both methods adjust GFR as needed during small, normal blood pressure changes. |
|
|
Term
| The Renal autoregulation that involves smooth muscle walls of the kidney is ________. It prevents normal, small changes in BP from affecting GFR by a local automatic response of _________. |
|
Definition
| Myogenic mechanism, afferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| How does myogenic mechanism use the afferent arteriole to decrease GFR? |
|
Definition
| If systemic BP increases, a stretch-reflex response will trigger contraction of the smooth muscle wall constricting the afferent arteriole. The constriction reduces renal blood flow, deceasing GFR to normal levels (despite a small increase in systemic BP.) |
|
|
Term
| Does myogenic mechanism involve nerves? |
|
Definition
| no, it just controls blood volume flow. |
|
|
Term
| When the afferent arteriole is constricted during myogenic mechanism won't the pressure be increased and reduce blood flow which will increase BP? |
|
Definition
| No, the afferent arteriole has stretch-reflex that allows the smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the afferent arteriole to contract or dilate, increasing or decreasing blood pressure and renal blood flow and GFR are normalized in seconds after a change in BP. |
|
|
Term
| If BP decreases how does myogenic mechanism react? |
|
Definition
| The arteriole stretches less which signals it to relax. Dilated afferent arterioles help increase GFR to normal levels. |
|
|
Term
| Tubuloglomerular feedback is so named because why? |
|
Definition
| Because part of the renal tubules - the macula densa - provides feedback to the glomerulus. |
|
|
Term
| When GFR is above normal due to elevated systemic BP, filtered fluid flows more rapidly along the renal tubules. As a result, the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle have less time to absorb Na+, Cl-, and water. ___________ cells are thought to detect the increased delivery of Na+, Cl-, and water and inhibit release of nitric oxide (NO) from cells in the juxtamedullary apparatus (JGA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When macula densa cells inhibit release of nitric oxide (NO) what happens? |
|
Definition
| Because NO causes vasodilation, JG cells and afferent arterioles constrict when the level of NO declines. Less blood flows into the glomerular capillaries and the GFR decreases. When blood pressure falls, causing GFR to be lower than normal, the opposite sequence of events occurs, although to a lesser degree. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the cells that begin the tubuloglomerular feeback loop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the job of macula densa cells? |
|
Definition
| They sense the increased concentration of tubular fluid and believed to secrete less nitric oxide (NO). |
|
|
Term
| What happens if GFR is too high? |
|
Definition
| Not enough reabsorption occurs as the fluid races through the renal tube. This will make the tubular fluid too concentrated in solutes. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the macula densa cells located? |
|
Definition
| In the ascending loop of Henle, adjacent to afferent arteriole, backed up to Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. |
|
|
Term
| Chemoreceptors that sense the concentration of tubular fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of macula densa cells? |
|
Definition
| to signal release or inhibit of NO so that JG cells can contract during the tubuloglomeruler feedback to correct a small increase in GFR due to a small increase in systemic BP. |
|
|
Term
| _______________ are specialized smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These cells contract during tubuloglomerular feedback decreasing blood flow and GFR. |
|
Definition
| Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells |
|
|
Term
| How often does the tubuloglomerular feedback respond to disruptions in homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
|
Definition
| jaxtaglomerular apparatus refers to the two interacting areas of macula densa cells and JG cells. |
|
|
Term
| Do large increases in sympathetic stimulation vasoconstrict afferent arterioles more than efferent arterioles. |
|
Definition
| yes, afferent arterioles have more sympathetic receptors. |
|
|
Term
| When is Neural regulation important for the regulation of GFR? |
|
Definition
| During periods of intense exercise, or during physiological emergencies. |
|
|
Term
| What takes place during Neural Regulation? |
|
Definition
| Large increases in sympathetic stimulation to nerves vasoconstrict arterioles. This shunts blood away from the kidneys to other tissues, while also decreasing GFR. Urine volume decreases, conserving blood volume. |
|
|
Term
| One hormone that the kidneys use to help regulate blood volume and blood pressure is atrial natriuretic peptide. Where does this hormone come from and why? |
|
Definition
| Atrial natriuretic peptide is a protein released by the atria of the heart in response to increased atrial stretch. For example with blood volume increases. |
|
|
Term
| What effect does the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide have? |
|
Definition
| ANP relaxes glomerular mesangial cells, loosening glomerular coils in an attempt to lower BP. The result is increased urine volume/output; and decreased blood volume and BP. |
|
|
Term
| Urine consists mostly of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the hormone Angiotensin II regulate GFR? |
|
Definition
| Angiotensin II corrects a drop in BP. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the hormone angiotensin II come from and what is it's targeted effect? |
|
Definition
| Angiotensin II is produced in capillaries everywhere in response to decreased blood volume and BP (i.e., dehydration, Na+ deficiency, hemorrhage. Production is catalyzed by the kidney enzyme "renin". |
|
|
Term
| A hormone that is a potent vasoconstrictor? |
|
Definition
| Angiotensin II, results in decreased urine volume; increased blood volume and BP. Retaining water increases BP. |
|
|
Term
| __________ is the return of water and solutes to the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does reabsorption take place? |
|
Definition
| reabsorption occurs all along the renal tubule and collecting duct. However, most reabsorption (90%) occurs along the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule). |
|
|
Term
| Where are water and solutes returned to? |
|
Definition
| the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta |
|
|
Term
| Methods of reabsorption vary depending on __________. |
|
Definition
| the substance reabsorbed. |
|
|
Term
| Methods are reabsorption are ________. |
|
Definition
| active (require ATP) or passive (ex. diffusion, osmosis) The method depends on what's being absorbed but only water moves by osmosis. |
|
|
Term
| ALL water reabsorption is ________. |
|
Definition
| passive: water moves by, "following" solutes. |
|
|
Term
| Water is drawn to where _________ are more at. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 99% of filtered water and most solutes are ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reabsorbed solutes include: |
|
Definition
| glucose, amino acids (proteins) and ions. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of filtered water and most solutes are reabsorbed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one waste that is not reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creatinine is produced by the breakdown of creatine phosphate in the skeletal muscles. It is useful for determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because it is_________? |
|
Definition
| filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic wastes _________ and _________ are reabsorbed to a lesser degree than water and other solutes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| creatinine (another waste) is used to clinically estimate ______ by measuring urine's creatinine during 24 hours in a test called _______________. |
|
Definition
| GFR, creatinine clearance test |
|
|
Term
| The largest amount of reabsorption is conducted along the __________. |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubules. |
|
|
Term
| PCT cells have _________, greatly enhancing its surface area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second basic function of the nephron and collecting duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ along the loop of henle is very important in water reabsorption. The chemical composition of the tubular fluid now is quite different than in the PCT. Glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients are no longer present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ vs __________ loop of henle are functionally different, creating an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. How does this work? |
|
Definition
descending vs. ascending,
the ascending loop reabsorbs Na+ and CL-, but cannot reabsorb water. Water moves out the descending loop by osmosis ("following" solutes) |
|
|
Term
| Called the _____________, it is highly efficient in the juxtamedullary nephrons, simply because they have extra long loops. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________________ refers to the flow of fluid down, than back up the loop of henle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water flows by __________ out the descending loop, following the Na+ and CL- moving out of the ascending loop. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ nephrons are very good for the countercurrent mechanism. |
|
Definition
| Juxtamedullary. There is an endless cycle of water chasing solutes along the loop! |
|
|
Term
| The ascending loops on the loop of henle reabsorbs Na+ and CL-, but cannot reabsorb _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hormone _________ regulates water reabsorption in late DCT and collecting duct (CD). |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); also called vasopressin |
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Term
| Where is ADH produced and secreted and why? |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone is produced by the hypothalmus (brain) and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland when blood's water concentration decreases. |
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Term
| What is facultative water reabsorption? |
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Definition
| facultative water reabsorption is adaptive or adjustable. It is adaptable to the body's needs for more or less water. This is regulated by the hormone. |
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Term
| Water reabsorption along the PCT and loop is not facultative water reabsorption but instead is called ________ because it is not regulated by hormones. |
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Definition
| obligatory water reabsorption |
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Term
| What is the result of ADH? |
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Definition
| ADH increases water reabsorption along late DCT and CD, increasing blood volume. ADH causes the insertion of additional water channels in the DCT and CD. More holes are inserted into the membrane to hydrate with more water. |
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Term
| ____________ hormone increases water reabsorption and partners together with ADH. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is aldosterone produced, and how? |
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Definition
| aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex (superficial layer of adrenal glands). Release is triggered by angiotensin II |
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Term
| What is the result of aldosterone? |
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Definition
| aldosterone increases Na+ and Cl- reabsorption along the late DCT and CD. Water follows by osmosis. More aldosterone channels are inserted so more water water can flow out. Blood volume increases. |
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Term
| The most important hormone for calcium ion homeostasis is ____________. |
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Definition
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
| Where does PTH come from and how? |
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Definition
| PTH is synthesized and secreted by the parathyroid glands. PTH is secreated in response to decreases Ca2+ in blood and ECF. |
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Term
| Where are the parathyroid glands located? |
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Definition
| usually four parathyroid glands that lie on posterior aspect of thyroid gland. PTH affects kidneys, bone, small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| PTH increases CA2+ reabsorption along DCT, conserving more Ca2+ in blood. PTH increases Vitamin D activity by kidneys. |
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Term
| ___________ is the transfer of solutes to the tubular fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does secretion occur? |
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Definition
| secretion occurs all along the renal tubule and collecting duct. However, most secretion occurs along the PCT. |
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Term
| Secretion is very important for pH homeostasis, why? |
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Definition
| H+ (hydrogen ions (acid)) is secreted as HCO-3 (bicarbonate (base)) is reabsorbed. Urine is acidic. |
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Term
| Secretion is also very important for waste excretion, why? |
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Definition
| urea and uric acid are secreted. This is helpful because these wastes are partially reabsorbed. |
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Term
| For any one sustance, the quantity excreted (amount in urine) = quantity filtered - quantity reabsorbed + quantity secreted |
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Definition
| For any one sustance, the quantity excreted (amount in urine) = quantity filtered - quantity reabsorbed + quantity secreted |
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