Term
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Definition
| a precise system of filtration, reabsorption and excretion. |
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Term
Kidneys do what?
Does what with water?
Involved in what kinds of balances?
Involved in production of?
Secretes what? |
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Definition
filter blood (nephrons perform filtration and excretion)
rid the body of metabolic wastes and toxins. (like medications, ammonia, creatinine)
Reabsorbs or excrete water as necessary.
Also involved in electrolyte and acid/base balance (K+, Na+, Cl- and H+)
Involved in RBC production and secretes Renin. |
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Term
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Definition
| tubes from the kidneys to the bladder that have a valve at the end that prevents flow from bladder back into ureters |
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Term
| Bladder does what? How much? what signals that the bladder is full and what happens? |
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Definition
| stores urine: at 200 – 450 mL stretch receptors signals ctx of bladder and relaxation of internal sphincter |
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Term
Urethra what is it?
How long is it?
What does it have in it?
Problem for women/men? |
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Definition
women= 3-4inches, men= 8inches
tube from the bladder to out the body. There is an internal sphincter near the bladder (body relaxes when bladder is full)and an external sphincter (we control)near the outside.
Women more prone to UTI (placement and shortness), but men have prostate gland (retention) |
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Term
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Definition
| Point where urine exits the urethra. |
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Term
| Function of the Urinary System is to? |
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Definition
Urine Formation
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Urine Secretion
The elimination of fluid waste from the body. |
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Term
Normal Urination
called?
*how many mL and hour?
How many mL a day?
how many times a day?
how much residual should be left in the bladder?
Normal color?
Smell?
Going should be a? |
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Definition
Voiding or Micturition
60 mL/hour or 1500 - 2000 mL/day
6 – 8 times/day
250 – 400 mL per void
< 50 mL residual
Transparent or clear pale yellow
Pungent but not foul odor
Steady stream/Without pain |
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Term
| Factors Affecting Urinary Elimination? |
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Definition
Fluid Intake
Loss of Body Fluid
Nutrition
Gender
Body Position
Cognition
Psychological Factors
Pathologic Conditions and Medications |
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Term
| Fluid intake impacts urine by? |
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Definition
| determines volume, color, frequency, flushes out micro-organisms so keep out of bladder. |
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Term
| Loss of Body Fluid, what will happen? |
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Definition
| Dehydration causes the kidneys to retain fluid: urine looks dark (concentrated) |
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Term
| Nutrition impacts urine by? |
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Definition
Caffeine acts as a diuretic and increases urine production
Alcohol impairs the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causing increase in urine production
Salt causes water retention/less urine |
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Term
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Definition
women= urethra smaller and closer to anus (UTI easier to get)
Men= prostate gland more prone to BPH makes urinary retention more likely. |
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Term
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Definition
| benign prostatic hypertrophy =enlargement of the prostate gland. |
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Term
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Definition
woman = sit or squat
men = stand |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| psychological factors affecting urinary elimination? |
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Definition
| kinked foley, hydronephrosis anything that causes urinary stasis, cardiovascular issues. |
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Term
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Definition
"water inside the kidney"
obstruction of free flow from the kidney. |
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Term
| Medications affecting urinary elimination? |
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Definition
| diuretics, antihistamines, opioids, anticholinergics (atrovent, atropine), Tricyclic antidepress (Elavil) |
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Term
| Illnesses affecting urinary elimination? |
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Definition
| renal disease, kidney stones, prostate, cardiovascular, neurologic |
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Term
| Medical practices affecting urinary elimination? |
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Definition
| anesthetics affect GFR and loss of sensation. Lower abdominal causes inflammation. |
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Term
| Issues in the hospital of urinary elimination? |
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Definition
-Lack of Time, Lack of Privacy and Loss of Dignity can all negatively affect a hospitalized patient’s ability to void.
-Some cultures prohibit being seen by opposite sex |
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Term
| Urination with Advanced Age |
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Definition
-Decline in filtration rate
-Loss of tone and elasticity in the bladder wall decreases it’s potential volume.
Leads to:
-Need to void more frequently (Noicturia/Frequency/Urgency)
-Inability of bladder to empty completely (Retention/UTI)
Females: Childbearing may have weakened pelvic muscles (Leaking/Incontinence)
Drying of the urethra and vaginal mucosa as a result of decreased estrogen levels (UTI)
Males: Enlarged prostate (Hestitancy/Dribbling)
-Cognitive impairment or generalized clinical deterioration (UTI)
-Self management of incontinence |
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Term
Nocturia?
Frequency?
Urgency? |
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Definition
-Going at night
-many times have to go
-Right away have to go |
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Term
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Definition
-leaking small amount of urine.
-not able to hold urine. |
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Term
Hestitancy?
Dribbling?
Retention? |
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Definition
-inablility to start, stop, empty
-dribbling small amount of urine
-Inability to empty bladder |
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Term
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Men are less susceptible to lower UTIs because of the longer length of the male urethra. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Infection that can happen anywhere along the urinary tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary loss of urine from the bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| inablility to empty bladder of urine |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical procedure to reroute utrine frol from its normal pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formation and excretion of excessive amounts of urine in the absence of a concurrent increase in fluid intake. |
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Term
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Definition
| formation and excretion of decreased amounts of urine, or urinary output less than 500mL in 24 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling of being unable to delay voiding voluntarily |
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Term
| Frequency other name for it? |
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Definition
voids more often than normal, without a significant increase in fluid intake.
overactive bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| voiding during normal sleeping hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood in the urine, can be gross, seen with the human eye, or occult not visible by the human eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection that can happen anywhere along the urinary tract. |
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Term
| What is a UTI usually caused from? |
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Definition
| Usually caused by microorganisms from the colon that travel up the urinary tract. (usually ecoli from stool) |
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Term
| What are the places called it can occur? |
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Definition
-Urethritis= in urethra
-Cystitis= In the bladder
-Ureteritis=in ureters
-Pyelonephritis=In kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
Risk Factors include:
-advanced age
=menopause cause drop in estrogen which in turn causes drying of the urethra and vaginal mucosa
=BPH cause retention, stagnation, dribbling
=kidney stones cause blockage, backflow or urine into kidneys, stagnation, irritation.
=enlarged prostate
=Gender (female= shorter tract, closer proximity of orifices, pregnancy, prolapse, sexually active women (frequent)/spermicidal gel)(male= uncircumsized men are greater risk)
=catheters
=obesity
=diabetes b/c bacteria love glucose
=constipation
=poor personal hygiene
=history of UTI’s
=hospitalization |
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Term
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Definition
| Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections |
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Term
| What is urinary incontinence? Types of Urinary Incontinence? |
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Definition
-unintentional leakage of urine
Stress Incontinence
Urge Incontinence or “Overactive Bladder”
Reflex (neurogenic)Incontinence
Functional Incontinence
Total Incontinence |
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Term
| What is Stress Incontinence? Causes? |
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Definition
Increased abdominal pressure causes involuntary loss of small amounts of urine.
Causes: pregnancy, sneeze, cough, obese |
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Term
What is Urge Incontinence or “Overactive Bladder”
Causes? |
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Definition
Random involuntary passage of urine after a strong urege to void.
causes: bladder decreased capacity, diuretics, caffiene, alcohol |
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Term
What is Reflex (neurogenic)Incontinence
Causes? |
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Definition
Involuntary loss of urine occuring at somewhat predictable intervals when a specific bladder volume is reached. No control of sphincter
Causes: spinal cord injury, brain injury |
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Term
What is Functional Incontinence
Causes? |
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Definition
Inability of a normally continent person to reach the bathroom in time to avoid unintentional loss of urine.
Causes: Pain, mobility, |
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Term
| What is Total Incontinence Causes? |
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Definition
person experiences continuous, unpredictable loss of urine. Continued leakage not at specific volume.
causes: trauma or born with malformation of spinal cord or brain, brain issue, cognitive deficit |
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Term
| What do the elderly do if they are experiencing incontinence? |
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Definition
-embarrased,
-decrease fluid intake
-wear pads
-wear powders, perfumes, colognes
-stay at home
-fall risk from running to bathroom |
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Term
| What is urinary retention? Causes of urinary intention? |
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Definition
-An inability to empty the bladder completely < 100 mL (less than 100 every time so go small amount)
Visible or palpable bladder
Causes are: obstruction, inflammation, neurologic, medications, loss of bladder tone, spinal anesthesia, opioid analgesics pain/anxiety. |
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Term
| Medical treatment of urinary retention? |
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Definition
=surgery (remove obstruction/ prostate , uterine prolapse, or catheterize)
=or prescribe medications |
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Term
| Medications for urinary retention? |
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Definition
=Cholenergics: increase tone and motility of bladder. Used for bladder distension and urinary retention.
now we want to stimulate the bladder to contract. side-effects are other cholinergic respponses like bradycardia, ^ salivation, bronchospasm, diarrhea
=Neostigmine: also used in myasthenia gravis.
An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. In people with myasthemia gravis, the body produces antibodies that block the muscle cells from receiving messages (neurotransmitters) from the nerve cell. Extreme weakness.
cholenergics are Not to be used if retention is caused by obstruction.
Flomax and Proscar: will talk about again. reduces prostate. given at night because can lower b/p |
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Term
| What is Urinary Diversion? Due to? |
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Definition
-One of several procedures that reroute urine from its normal pathway.
-Most common is result of Cystectomy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one or both ureters to the abdominal surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a tube from the renal pelvis to the abdominal surface |
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Term
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Definition
-Medical & Surgical History/ UTI’s/
-Medications
-Usual Pattern
-Incontinence
-Hesitancy, Frequency, Urgency
-Nocturia
-Color, Odor, Amount
-Pain or Burning
-Intake of fluids
-Bowel Pattern
-Ability to get to bathroom and manage clothing |
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Term
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Definition
-Inspection
=Color
=Clarity
=Constituents
=Odor
=Perineum
-Palpation
=Bladder
=Kidneys(Costovertebral Angle)
-Measure
=Intake and Output
=Postvoid Residual (Bladder Ultrasonic Scanner) |
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Term
| Urinary Tract Infection Assessment (S/S) |
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Definition
=SUBJECTIVE
-Frequency
-Urgency
-Chills and Fever
-Back (Flank) Pain
-Burning with urination
-Suprapubic discomfort
-Foul-smelling urine
=OBJECTIVE
-^WBC’s and Bacteria
-Hematuria
-Pyuria
-Sediment or Cloudy appearance |
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Term
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Definition
-Nonlocalized abdominal discomfort rather than dysuria and suprapubic pain.
-Cognitive impairment or generalized clinical deterioration
-Less likely to have a fever, maybe even slight decline in temperature |
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Term
| Methods of Urine Collection |
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Definition
=Toilet
=Bedside Commode
-Toilet receptacle (“hat” or “nun’s cap”)
=Bedpan/Fracture Pan
=Urinal
-Graduated Cylinder
=Specimen Bag with adhesive for infants |
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Term
| Types of collection of urine |
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Definition
=Random (toilet, bedside commode, bedpan, urinal, specimen bag for infants, etc)
=Sterile
-Clean Catch or Midstream Specimen
-Catheter (Indwelling or One-Time) |
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Term
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Definition
=Urine
-Bedside Testing (Dipstick)
-Routine Urinalysis (with Microscopic)
-Culture and Sensitivity
-24 hour Urine Collection
=Serum
-BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen): 8 – 20 mg/dL
-Creatinine 0.5 – 1.1 mg/dL
=Creatinine Clearance
=Glomerular Filtration Rate |
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Term
| Specific gravity of urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Assessment of Urinary Elimination (Diagnostics) |
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Definition
=Imaging Studies
-Ultrasonography
-Intravenous Pyelogram
-X-ray (KUB)
=Cystoscopy
=Urodynamic Studies |
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Term
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Definition
| right into bladder look at what's going on, can take biopses and treat pathology. |
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Term
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Definition
| xray with contrast medium injected and excreted by urinary tract. (visualize kidneys, ureters, bladder and renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary Retention
Readiness for Enhanced Urinary Elimination |
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Term
| Urinary Problems as the etiology (examples?) |
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Definition
Anxiety related to urinary urgency and recent episode of incontinence
Disturbed Body Image r/t urinary ostomy or incontinence
Social Isolation r/t frequent periods of incontinence
Fall Risk r/t urgency (rushing to get to the bathroom)
Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity r/t incontinence or poor hygeine |
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Term
Medications?
Antiinfectives?
Antibiotics?
Analgesic? |
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Definition
-stop bacteria from working properly.
-kill the bacteria
-systematic relief |
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Term
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Definition
| pelvic floor muscle exercises |
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Term
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Definition
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