Term
| The Urinary system is composed of? |
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Definition
| Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra |
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Term
| What are three functions of the urinary system? |
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Definition
| Help control pH, filtration, elimination of waste |
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Term
| What are the three steps of urine production? |
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Definition
| Filtration (water and solutes), Reabsorbtion (water and solutes), Secretion (remaining solutes cross into tubules to be excreted) |
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Term
| How much blood do the kidneys filter in 24 hours, and how much urine do they produce? |
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Definition
| 150 - 180 liters (1200ml flow per minute), 1 liter of urine |
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Term
| What is the maximum capacity of the bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how many nephrons are in the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys recieve? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the filtrate called urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the goals of urine formation? |
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Definition
| Maintain homeostasis of blood volume and composition |
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Term
| How many layers of muscle does the bladder have? |
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Definition
| 3 layers of smooth muscle |
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Term
| Define net filtration pressure? |
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Definition
| Blood hydrostatic pressure (35mm Hg) minus Osmotic pressure (25mm Hg). |
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Term
| What "salt retaining" hormone indirectly helps regulate bp. |
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Definition
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Term
| Durring the reabosorbtion step of urine production what capillaries absorb the fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Filtration is done through a _____________ gradiant. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is intrinsic control in the kidney controlled? |
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Definition
| Autoregulation of vascular resistance of afferent arterioles (dilitation and constriction) |
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Term
| What type of kidney regulation prevails under normal conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of instrinsic control of the kidney? |
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Definition
| To maintain GFR in the kidney (Glomerular Filtration Rate) |
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Term
| Extrinsic kidney control functions to maintain ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two mechanisms of kidney intrinsic control? |
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Definition
| Myogenic mechanism and Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. |
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Term
| Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism (intrinsic) is based on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Norepinephrine is involved in intrinsic or extrinsic control? |
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Definition
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Term
| The renal-angiotensin mechanism is triggered by? |
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Definition
| BP below 80mm Hg (systolic) - hemorrhage, dehydration |
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Term
| The urinary system works with what three other systems? |
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Definition
| Cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine |
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Term
| What does the urinary system eliminate? |
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Definition
| metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+, water |
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Term
| What is the bloodflow throught the kidney begining at the renal artery? |
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Definition
| renal artery, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava |
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Term
| what are the two basic mechanisms of urine formation? |
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Definition
| membrane permeability and net filtration |
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Term
| Define Glomerular filtration Rate and what is the normal value? |
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Definition
| Volume of filtrate formed each minute, about 120-125ml |
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Term
| GFR (Glomerular filtration rate) is directly proportional to ? |
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Definition
| NFP (Net Filtration Pressure) |
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Term
| What are the consequences of a small drop in NFP (Net filtration pressure)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is high permeability and high surface area good in the kidney? |
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Definition
| It allows for large amounts of filtrate production |
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Term
| What two systems are control extrinsic GFR regulation? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic Nervous system and the Renal-Angiotensin Mechanism |
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Term
| Extrinsic GFR regulation activates under? |
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Definition
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Term
| Renin-angiotensin mechanism begins with the release of _______ from granular cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the end result of the Renin-angiotensin mechanism? |
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Definition
| Systemic and glomerular hydrostatic pressure increase, Restored bp and blood volume |
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Term
| PCT reabsorbs __% of glomerular filtrate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretion of what two ions regulate the body pH? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen and Bicarbonate ions |
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Term
| What are two endocrine control hormones? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone (salt retaining hormone) and Atrial natiuretic peptide (ANP - released by heart in response to incresed BP) also Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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Term
| Kidneys maintain water balance by? |
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Definition
| Preventing excess water loss |
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Term
| The pH of urine is normally? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the water percentage of urine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the solutes in urine? |
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Definition
| Uric Acid, Creatinine, Sulphate, Phosphate, K+, NaCl, Urea |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of nigrogenous waste in blood |
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Term
| If a water imbalance is present between Intersticial fluid (ICF) and Extracallular fluid, what mechanism rebalances it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What plays a principle role in water distribution and total water content? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones stimulates water conservation in the kidneys when dehydrated? |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)and Aldosterone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Low Plasma sodium (<130 mEq/l) |
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Term
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Definition
| High plasma sodium (>145 mEq/l) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that releases H+ ions in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that takes up H+ ions (releases OH-) in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that dissociates completely |
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Term
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Definition
| sepaarates and breaks down ions completely and evenly |
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Term
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Definition
| Systems within the body that resist changes in pH |
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Term
| Name two Physiologicl buffers. |
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Definition
| Respiratory and Urinary system |
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Term
| What are three chemical buffers? |
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Definition
| Bicarbonate, Phosphate, Protein |
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Term
| A reaction to the "left" removes ____ and results in a _______ pH. |
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Definition
| removes H+, results in a higher pH (more basic) |
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Term
| Most CO2 generated by cells is converted into? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Bicarbonate buffer system is the primary buffer to increase pH. |
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Definition
| False : seldom used to increase pH |
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Term
| In the bicarbonate buffer system, what organ excretes HCO3 (bicarbonate)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 66% of all chemical buffering in the body is done by the ___________ buffer system. |
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Definition
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Term
| What system is able to neutralize 2 to 3 more times as much acid as chemical buffer alone? |
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Definition
| Respiratory system(physiological buffer) |
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Term
| What is the most powerful buffer system? |
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Definition
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