Term
| How do enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions? 1. |
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Definition
| 1. Orient substrates for their proper interaction. |
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Term
| How do enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions? 2. |
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Definition
| 2. Stress or bend substrate bonds to get them closer to transition state. |
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Term
| How do enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions? 3. |
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Definition
| 3. Provide a favorable microenvironment (acidic and basic groups in active site) that facilitates the reaction. |
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Term
| How do enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions? 4. |
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Definition
| 4. Covalent bonding of enzyme to substrate; enzyme becomes part of the transition state, but later released intact. |
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Term
| Blocks substrate so that enzyme cannot properly bond. |
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Definition
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Term
| impedes enzymatic reactions without directly competing with substrate for enzyme bonding |
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Definition
| non competitive inhibitor |
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Term
| when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein’s function at another site |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stabilizes the shape that has functional active sites |
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Term
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Definition
| stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity. In cooperativity, binding of a substrate to one active site stabilizes favorable conformational changes at the other active sites. |
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Term
| Which inhibitor is more potent? |
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Definition
| Noncompetitive inhibitors are more potent because they cannot be overpowered by an increased amount of substrate. |
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Term
| How can a competitive inhibitor be overpowered? |
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Definition
| A competitive inhibitor can be overpowered by increasing the concentration of the substrate. |
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Term
| How does enrve gas effect the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine binds to ion channels allowing the flow of ions making an electrical impulse. nerve gas binds to acetylcholine covalently which blocks ligand gated ion channels, not allowing acetylcholine to bind. |
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Term
| partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel |
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Term
| Transfer of one or more electrons from on reactant to another |
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Definition
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Term
| loss of electrons from one substance during a redox reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| addition of electrons to a substance in redox reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| the electron donor in a redox reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| the electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| tubules in the mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| VACUOLES HOLD FOUR THINGS |
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Definition
1. PROTEINS
2. INORGANI IONS
3. METABOLIC BYPRODUCTS
4. PIGMENTS |
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Term
| LOCATION OF RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| NETWORKS WITHIN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
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Definition
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Term
| THE MEMBRANE FACTORY OF THE CELL |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. SYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS
2. SECRETORY PROTEINS
3. SITE OF GLYCOSYLATION |
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Term
| THE SMOOTH ER FUNCTIONS AS |
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Definition
THE LOCATIONS OF SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS
DETOX OF POISONS
STORAGE OF CALCIUM |
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Term
| TERM DESCRIBING SOMETHING THAT BREAKS THINGS DOWN INTO ITS SIMPLEST UNITS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| BREAKS THINGS DOWN EX.) FATTY ACIDS INTO HYDROGEN |
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Term
| SACS OF HYDROLYTIC FAT ENZYMES THAT ANIMAL CELLS USE TO DIGEST MACROMOLECULES |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| AMOEBA AND BACTERIA ENGULFS FOOD- THE FOOD BECOMES A FOOD VACUOLE- IT FUSES WITH A LYSOSOME- THE LYSOSOME BREAKS DOWN FOOD AND THE DIGESTED PRODUCTS PASS INTO THE CELL TO BECOME NUTRIENTS |
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Term
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Definition
THE RECYCLING OF A CELLS OWN MATERIAL
DAMAGED ORGANELLS ACQUIRES A DOUBLE MEMBRANE- LYSOSOME FUSES WITH OUTER MEMBRANE- LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES DISMANTLE MATERIAL AND RETURN IT TO CELL |
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Term
| PATH OF A TRANSPORT VESICLE |
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Definition
| BUDS OFF OF ROUGH ER- ENTER CIS GOLGI- EXITS TRANS GOLGI AFTER A MODIFICATION OF PRODUCTS- EXITS PLASMA MEMBRANE- FUSES WITH LYSOSOME |
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Term
| WHAT ARE MICROTUBULES MADE OF? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| IT IS A PROTEIN MADE UP OF A DIMER, AN A-TUBULIN AND A B-TUBULIN |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 9 DOUBLETS OF MICROTUBULES AND 2 CENTER MICROTUBULES, ATTACHED BY DYENINS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT MAKES UP MICROFILAMENTS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT PURPOSE DO MICROFILAMENTS SERVE? |
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Definition
| MAINTAINING CELL SHAPE, MUSCLE CONTRACTION, CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING, CELL DIVISION |
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Term
| WHAT PURPOSE DO MICROTUBULES SERVE? |
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Definition
| SHAPE CELL, CELL MOTILITY, ORGANELLE MOVEMENT, CHROMOSOME MOVEMENT IN CELL DIVISION |
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Term
| WHAT MOTOR PROTEIN HELPS MUSCLES MOVE? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| MULITPLE STRANDS OF ACTIN BOUND BY MYOSIN SLIDE PAST ONE ANOTHER |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS? |
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Definition
CELL SHAPE
ANCHORAGE OF NUCLEAUS AND OTHER ORGANELLES |
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Term
| WHAT ARE INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS PROTEINS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE SIZE OF EACH COMPONENT OF THE CYTOSKELETON? |
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Definition
MICROTUB- 25
MICROFIL- 7
INTERM.- 8-12 |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE CORE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE MADE OF? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS FLUIDITY EFFECTED BY? |
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Definition
| KINKS AT THE DOUBLE BONDS OF HYDROCARBON TAILS |
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Term
| THE MORE FLUID THE MORE ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| THE MORE VISCOUS THE MORE ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT DOES CHOLESTEROL DO TO MEMBRANES? |
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Definition
| CHOLESTEROL MAKES MEMBRANES LESS FLUID BY RESTRAINING PHOSPHOLIPID MOVEMENT. |
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Term
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Definition
| PENTRATE THE HYDROPHOBIC CORE |
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Term
| FOUR TYPES OF INTERGRAL PROTEINS- |
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Definition
| TRANSPORT, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, CELL-CELL RECOGNITION, INTERCELLULAR JOINING |
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Term
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Definition
| USES NO ENERGY, FLOW DOWN CONCENTRATION GRADIENT |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION A CELL WILL |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A CELL WILL LOSE WATER AND SHRIVEL |
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Term
| A PLANT CELL IS TURGID IN |
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Definition
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Term
| A PLANT CELL IS PLASMOLYZED IN A |
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Definition
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Term
| A PLANT CELL IS FLACCID IN A |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| REQUIRES ENERGY, AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, ENCOMPASSES ALL CARRIER PROTEINS, |
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Term
| ATP SUPPLIES ENERGY IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT BY |
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Definition
| TRANSFERRING A PHOSPHATE GROUP TO A TRANSFER PROTEIN SO THE PROTEIN CHANGES SHAPE AND LOCATES THE MOLECULE ACROSS THE MEMBRANE |
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Term
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Definition
| DIFFERING ION CONCENTRATIONS ON EACH SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE MAKE DIFFERENT CHARGES TO EACH SIDE |
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Term
| AMOUNT OF VOLTAGE ACROSS A MEMBRANE |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW DOES A SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP WORK? |
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Definition
| THE SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP PUMPS THREE SODIUM IONS PER EVERY TWO POTASSIUM ION. THE TRANSFER IS 1 POSITIVE CHARGE, STORING ENERGY AS VOLTAGE. |
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Term
| SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP IS AN EXAMPLE OF A |
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Definition
| ELECTROGENIC PUMP, THE MAJOR PUMP IN ANIMAL CELLS |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE MJOR PUMP IN PLANT CELLS? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| PINOCYTOSIS, CELLG GULPS EXTRACELLULAR FLUID AND ABSORBS DISSOLVED MOLECULES |
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Term
| RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENODCYTOSIS |
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Definition
| PROTEINS WITH RECEPTORS EXPOSED TO EXTRACELLULAR FLUID CONCETRATE IN A PIT OF LIGANDS- VESICLE WITH LIGAND MOLECULES FORM- MATERIAL FREED FROM VESICLE AND THE RECEPTORS ARE RECYCLED |
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Term
| SPECIFICALLY BINDS TO PROTEIN |
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Definition
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Term
| METABOLIC REACTION THAT RELEASES ENERGY BY BREAKING DOWN MOLECULES |
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Definition
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Term
| METABOLIC REACTION THAT CONSUMES ENERGY BY BUILDING COMPLEX MOLECULES |
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Definition
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Term
| A NEGATIVE DELTA G MEANS THAT THE REACTION CAN OCCUR______ |
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Definition
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Term
| WHEN THERE HAS BEEN A NET LOOS OF ENERGY A REACTION CAN OCCUR |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| AMOUNT AVAILABLE TO DO WORK |
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Definition
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Term
| MEASURE OF CHAOS IN A SYSTEM |
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Definition
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Term
ACRONYM FOR ENTHALPY
ACRONYM FOR GIBBS FREE ENERGY
ACRONYM FOR ENTROPY |
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Definition
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Term
| EQUATION FOR THERMODYNAMICS |
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Definition
| DELTA G= DELTA - T DELTA S |
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Term
| A CELL DOES THREE TYPES OF WORK- |
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Definition
CHEMICAL
TRANSPORT
MECHANICAL |
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Term
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Definition
| RIBOSE+ADENINE+ CHAIN OF 3 PHOSPHATES |
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Term
| SYNTHESIS OF CELL MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS |
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Definition
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Term
| EX. PUMPING CELLS ACROSS A MEMBRANE |
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Definition
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Term
| MOVEMENT OF CELLS OR CELLULAR MATERIAL |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 COMPONENTS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION? |
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Definition
| GLYCOLYSIS, THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE, OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
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Term
| Cellular respiration is also based on redox reactions and the transfer of electrons from states of ----- stability (----- potential energy) to states of ----- stability (----- potential energy). |
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Definition
| Cellular respiration is also based on redox reactions and the transfer of electrons from states of low stability (high potential energy) to states of high stability (low potential energy). |
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Term
| Begins cellular respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| How does glycolysis being the degradation process? |
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Definition
| in the cytosol, it breaks glucose into two molecules of the compound pyruvate |
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Term
| What completes the breakdown of glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE DO? WHERE DOES THIS OCCUR? |
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Definition
| OXIDIZES A DERIVATIVE OF PYRUVATE TO CARBON DIOXIDE. IN THE MITOCHONDIRAL MATRIX OR CYTOSOL FOR PROKARYOTES |
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Term
| HOW IS ATP ENERGY ACQUIRED? |
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Definition
| DURING THE BREAKDOWN OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS, THE PASSING OF ELECTRONS ALONG MOLECULES. STORED IN THE MITOCHONDRION |
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Term
| WHAT IS ATP SYNTHESIS CALLED? WHY? |
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Definition
| OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION, IT IS POWERED BY THE REDOX REACTIONS OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN |
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Term
| What is essentially an intermediate in energy transfer and the production of ATP? |
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Definition
| NAD+ is an “electron carrier” and is essentially an intermediate in energy transfer and the production of ATP |
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Term
| HOW DO GLYCOLYSIS REACTIONS OCCUR? |
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Definition
| EACH IS TRIGGERED BY A DIFFERENT ENZYMES |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE RESULT OF GLYCOLYSIS? |
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Definition
| Result is to break down glucose, a 6-carbon sugar, to two molecules of pyruvate, a 3-carbon compound. |
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Term
| WHAT WILL BE EXTRACTED IN THE GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS? |
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Definition
| In process extract energy to make 4 molecules ATP and 2 molecules of NADH. |
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Term
| WHAT IS ATP GENERATED BY IN GLYCOLYSIS? |
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Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation. |
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Term
| HOW DO YOU TRANSCEND FROM GLYCOLYSIS TO THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE? |
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Definition
| To get from glycolysis to TCA cycle, pyruvate is transported into mitochondria. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IN THE PROCESS OF GETTING FROM GLYCOLYSIS TO THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE? |
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Definition
| In the process, generate 2 more molecules of NADH per starting molecule of glucose (1 for each of the two pyruvates). |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE? |
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Definition
Acetyl CoA (2 carbons) combines with oxaloacetate (4 carbons) to form citrate (6 carbons)
Citrate broken down, in 7 stepwise reactions, to regenerate oxaloacetate.
The other 2 carbons are oxidized to CO2.
This generates energy used to form 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 (another electron carrier).
From original molecule of glucose, yield is 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CONSIST OF? |
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Definition
| The electron transport chain consists of 4 multi-protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. |
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Term
| WHY ARE MORE ATPS GENERATED FROM NADH THEN FROM FADH2? |
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Definition
| NADH feeds its electrons into chain at complex I; FADH2 feeds electrons into chain at complex II. |
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Term
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Definition
| ENERGY STORED IN THE FORM OF A HYDROGEN ION GRADIENT ACROSS A MEMBRANE IS USED TO DRIVE CELLULAR WORK SUCH AS THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP |
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Term
| MOST OF THE NADH and FADH2 is generated IN THE |
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Definition
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Term
| THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT TRAIN IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS LOCATED IN THE |
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Definition
| INNER MITOCHONDIRAL MEMBRANE |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN? |
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Definition
| TO ESTABLISH THE HYDROGEN ION GRADIENT USING THE EXERGONIC FLOW OF ELECTRONS FROM NADH AND FADH2 TO PUMP HYDROGEN IONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE FROM THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX TO THE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE. |
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Term
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Definition
| HYDROGEN ION GRADIENT RESULTING FROM THE DEPOSIT OF HYDROGEN IONS INTO THE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE |
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Term
| ENERGY- COUPLING MECHANISM THAT USES ENERGY STORED IN THE FORM OF H+ GRADIENT ACROSS A MEMBRANE TO DRIVE CELLULAR WORK |
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Definition
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Term
| This complex of proteins provides a tunnel for the passage of H+ ions as they move along their concentration gradient. |
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Definition
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Term
| AS H+ IONS FLOW THROUGH THE ENZYME RESULTING IN |
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Definition
| But as they flow through the enzyme, they turn a rotor, that turns the internal rod, which generates the energy for the catalytic knob component to convert ADP to ATP. |
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Term
| ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION WHEN OXYGEN IS SCARCE |
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Definition
| Fermentation is an alternative pathway for energy production that is used when oxygen is scarce. |
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Term
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Definition
PYRUVATE-->ETHANOL
TWO STEPS:
RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE FROM PYRUVATE WHICH IS CONVERTED TO ACETALDEHYDE.
ACETYLDEHYDE IS REDUCED BY NADH TO ETHANOL. |
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Term
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Definition
| PYRUVATE IS REDUCED DIRECTLY TO NADH TO FORM LACTATE AS AN END PRODUCT WITH NO RELEASE OF CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| ORGANISM THAT CAN MAKE ENOUGH ATP TO SURVIVE USING EITHER FERMENTATION OF RESPIRATION |
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Term
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Definition
| ORGANISM CARRYING OUT ONLY FERMENTATION OR ANAEROBIC REPSPIRATION, CANNOT SURVIVE IN PRESENSE OF OXYGEN. |
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Term
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Definition
| HYDROGEN ATOMS ARE NOT TRANSFERRED DIRECTLY TO OXYGEN, INSTEAD THEY ARE PASSED TO THIS ELECTRON CARRIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| PYRUVATE IS CONVERTED TO THIS UPON ENTERING THE MITOCHONDRION VIA ACTIVE TRANSPORT. |
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Term
| PROTEIN. ELECTRON CARRIERS BETWEEN UBIQUIONE AND OXYGEN |
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Definition
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Term
| AN ENZYME THAT MAKES ATP FROM ADP AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATE |
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Definition
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Term
| OXYGEN IS CONSUMED AS A REACTANT ALONG WITH THE ORGANIC FUEL |
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Definition
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