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Definition
| The science of behavior and mental process. |
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| A field of research that focuses on people's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience. |
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| Biological Psychologists (Physiological) |
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| Psychologists who analyze the biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes. |
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| Cognitive Psychologists (Experimental) |
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| Psychologists who study the mental process underlying judgement, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition. |
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| A field in which psychologists study human factors in the use of equipment and help designers create better versions of the equipment. |
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| Developmental Psychologists |
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| Psychologists who seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime. |
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| Personality Psychologists |
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| Psychologists who study the characteristics that make individuals similar to or different from one another. |
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| Clinical and Counseling Psychologists |
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| Psychologists who seek to assess, understand, and change abnormal behavior. |
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| Psychologists who work to obtain psychological services for people in need of help and to prevent psychology disorders by working for changes in social systems. |
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| Psychologists who study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness and vice versa. |
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| Educational Psychologists |
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| Psychologists who study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving those methods. |
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| Psychologists who test IQ's, diagnose students' academic problems, and set up programs to improve students' achievement. |
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| Psychologists who study how people influence one another's behavior and mental processes, individually and in groups. |
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| Industrial and Organizational Psychologists |
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| Psychologists who study ways to improve effiency, productivity, and satisfaction among workers and the organizations that employ them. |
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| Quantitative Psychologist |
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Definition
| Psychologists who develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data. |
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Definition
| Psychologists who study how people influence one another's behavior and mental processes, individually and in groups. |
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| Industrial and Organizational Psychologists |
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Definition
| Psychologists who study ways to improve effiency, productivity, and satisfaction among workers and the organizations that employ them. |
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| Quantitative Psychologist |
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Definition
| Psychologists who develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data. |
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| Psychologists who explore the relationships between athletic performance and such psychological variables as motivation and emotion. |
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| Psychologists who assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants' mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law. |
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| Environmental Psychologists |
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Definition
| Psychologists who study the effects of the physical environment on behavior and mental processes. |
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Definition
| Awareness of external stimuli and on'e own mental activity. |
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| An approach to psychology in which behavior and behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals. |
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| The evolutionary mechanism though which Darwin said the fittest individuals survive to reproduce. |
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| An approach to psychology that emphasizes the inherited, adaptive of behavior and mental processes. |
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| A view developed by Freud that emphasizes the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior. |
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| An approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments. |
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| The way of looking at human behavior that emphasizes research on how the brain takes in information, creates perceptions, forms and retrieves memories, processes information, and generates integrated patterns of action. |
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| An approach to psychology that views behavior as controlled by the decisions that people make about their lives based on their perceptions of the world. |
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| Characteristics or conditions that can influence the appearance and form of maladaptive behavior. |
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| The accumulation of values, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs, occupational choices, and the like for a group of people who share a common language and environment. |
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| The process of assessing claims and making judgments on the basis of well-supported evidence. |
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| Referring to a correlation, or a difference between two groups, that is larger than would be expected by chance. |
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| A statistic, r, that summarizes them strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. |
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| In research, the degree to which one variable is related to another. |
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| A set of mathematical procedures that help psychologists make inferences about what their research data means. |
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| Numbers that summarize a set of research data. |
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| The study of potentially inheritable changes in gene expression that are caused by environmental factors that do not alter a cell's DNA. |
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| The study of how genes and environment work together to shape behavior. |
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| The process of selecting a group of research participants from a population whose numbers did not have an equal chance of being chosen. |
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| The process of selecting a group of research participants from a population whose members all had an equal chance of being chosen. |
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| The process of selecting participants who are members of the population that the researcher wishes to study. |
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| A research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group. |
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| A confound that occurs when an experimenter unintentionally encourages participants to respond in a way that supports the experimenter's hypothesis. |
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| A physical or psychological treatment that contains no active ingredient but produces an effect because the person receiving it believes it will. |
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| Assigning participants in an experiment to various groups through a random process to ensure that confounds are evenly distributed among the groups. |
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| In an experiment, a confound in which uncontrolled or uncontrollable factors affect the dependent variable, along with or instead of the independent variable. |
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| In an experiment, any factor that affects the dependent variable, along with or instead of the interdependent variable. |
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| In an experiment, the factor affected by the independent variable. |
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| The variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment. |
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| In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment or provides some other baseline against which to compare the performance or response of the experimental group. |
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| In an experiment the group that receives the experimental treatment. |
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| A situation in which the researcher manipulates one variable and then observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant. |
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| A research method that emphasizes relationships between variables in order to analyze trends in data, test predictions, evaluate theories, and suggest new hypothesis. |
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| A research method that involves giving people questionnaires or special interviews designed to obtain descriptions of their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions. |
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| A specific, testable proposition about a phenomenon. |
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| A statement that defines the exact operations or methods used in research. |
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| A factor or characteristics that is manipulated or measured in research. |
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| Numbers that represent research findings and provide the basis for research conclusions. |
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| Statistical Reliability (Reliability) |
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Definition
| The degree to which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly. |
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| Statistical Validity (Validity) |
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Definition
| The degree to which evidence from a test or other method measures what it is supposed to measure. |
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Definition
| An integrated set of propositions that can be used to account for, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena. |
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| Procedures for systematically watching behavior in order to summarize it for scientific analysis. |
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| The process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment. |
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| A research method involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation. |
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Definition
| The subfield of psychology whose goal is to explore and understand the relationships among brain processes, human behaviors, and psychology function. |
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