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| Francesco Sforza lead a band of mercenaries to take over the city of ________ located in Northern Italy at the crossroads between the coast and the Alpine Pass. |
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| Characteristics of the Renaissance was an urban society that was __________ or non-religious. |
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| Increase in _________ was a huge factor for why and where the Renaissance started. |
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| In Machiavelli's book, he argues that rulers ought to be _______ rather than _________ in order to avoid being used by people. |
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| Renaissance means ________, specifically of _________ and ________ cultures. |
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| The best example of a well-rounded, universal person or Renaissance Man is _________ ___ ___________ who was an artist, sculptor, inventor, architect, and mathematician. |
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| Machiavelli wrote "The ________" which was about how a ruler should get and keep power. |
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| The city of Florence was headed by the ___________ family that did lose power at one time to a Dominican monk but gained it back after he was burned at the stake. |
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| Michaelangelo's Sistine Chapel |
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| Durer's Adoration of the Magi |
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Van Eyck's Oil Paining
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| Luther viewed that it was impossible to do enough good works in order to gain salvation and concluded that we only need _____ which he called, "justification by ______ alone." (same answer for both blanks |
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| One of the biggest issues Luther had with the Church was the practice of selling ___________ that were said to be able to lessen your punishment for your sins, most infamously sold by Johann Tetzel. |
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| Luther was able to spread his works and teachings due to a new invention called the ______ _____, invented by Johannes __________. |
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| Printing Press; Gutenburg |
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| On ____________ 31, ________, Luther nails his ____ _______ to the door of the local church that listed his 'protest' against the Church. |
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| Luther believed that everyone was capable of reading and interpreting the Bible. In order to make this a reality for most Germans, Luther rewrote the Bible in the __________. |
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| After Luther refuses to recant his views, Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (Charles I of Spain) issued the ______ of _______ that made all of Luther's work illegal and ordered to be burned and Luther an outlaw. |
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| After a war with the German princes, Charles V signed a peace treaty that recognized the Lutheran faith and said the princes (not the people) could choose to be Lutheran or Catholic. What was that peace called? |
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| Desiderus _________ was a Christian Humanist that wanted to reform the Church from the inside and ended up, "laying the egg that Luther Hatched." |
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| Martin Luther was a German monk and professor at the U. of Wittenberg that founded the 1st Protestant faith called ___________. |
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| After the popes' corrupt policies were identified as the issue, the Church called the Council of _______ for 18 years to fix problems and reaffirm beliefs, overall strengthening the Church. |
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| In England _______ ____ wanted to divorce his wife Catherine; however, the Pope refused to annul or make invalid the marriage. In response he made his own church called the _________ of _______. |
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| Henry VIII; Church of England |
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| One of the reasons the Catholic Church resurges after the Reformation is because of a group called the ________ headed by Ignatius of Loyola that vowed to follow the pope. |
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| In Zurich, Switzerland, Ulrich _________ developed his own version of Protestantism where relics and images were removed and mass was replaced with readings, prayer, and sermon. |
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| After the 1st Protestant surge failed in Zurich, Switzerland, ______ _______ creates his version in Geneva that was very strict and believed that an all-knowing God had everything planned out which is called ______________. |
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| John Calvin; Predestination |
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| Pope Paul III pushed the Catholic Church to reform by calling the _______ _________ in 1537 which identified the issues with the Church were due to popes' corrupt policies. |
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| ___________ were a Protestant group that believed in separation of Church and State, church (belief) was voluntary, and baptism should happen as an adult like Jesus. |
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| After Edward VI of England dies at the age of 16, the crown passes to his oldest sister who wanted to return to Catholicism. She burned more than 300 Protestants at the stake which earned her the nickname, "_______ _______." |
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