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| study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment; study of distribution and abundance of organisms |
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| individuals of same species in same area at same time |
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| all the populations of a particular organisms |
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| populations of different species that live together in the same place at the same time |
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| a community and the nonliving factors which it interacts with |
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| major terrestrial assemblages of plants, animals, and microorganisms that occur over wide geographic areas and have distinctive physical characteristics |
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| all the world’s biomes, along with its marine and freshwater assemblages, together constitute an interactive system called the biosphere |
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| temperature, water, sunlight and soil |
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| size, density, dispersion, capacity to grow |
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r = b - d + i - e
(r) is the difference between the birth rate (b) and the death rate (d), corrected for any movement of individuals into (immigration - i) or out of (emigration - e) the population |
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| In natural populations, exponential growth... |
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| only prevails for short periods, like when an organims reaches a new habitat |
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| maximal sustainable yield |
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| how salmon are harvested, exploit the population early in the rising portion of its sigmoid growth curve |
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maximum growth rate
favor rapid growth in habitat with unlimited resources or in unpredictable environments
-or in unpredictable environments, organisms have to take advantage of resources when they are available |
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carrying capacity
-favor reproduction near carrying capacity of environment
-help survival in an environment in which individuals are competing for limited resources |
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| r/k concept of life history |
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r-selected: rapidly changing environment
K-selected: more stable and competitive habitat |
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| statistical study of population |
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| what are birth and death rates dependent on? |
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| a group of individuals of the same age |
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| number of birth is usually directly related to |
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| the proportion of individuals in different age categories |
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| when a population lives in an constant environment for a few environments..size remains constant |
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| one way to express the age distribution characteristics of a population |
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| percent of an original population that survives to a given age |
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| highest mortalitiy for the oldest individuals--->upper right |
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| relatively the same mortality risk for all ages |
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| highest mortality for the youngest individuals |
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| different species that occur at any given locality |
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| communities can be described by |
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| constitient species or personal properties |
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| advanced by H. A. Gleason, this concept holds that a community is nothing more than an aggregation of species that happen to co-occur at one place |
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-views communities as an integrated unit and this concept was first proposed by F. E. Clements
-the community is viewed as a “superorganism” |
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| an organism's biological role |
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| place where an organism lives |
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| the entire niche that an organisms may theoretically occupy |
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| actual niche that the organism is able to occupy because of com |
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| principle of competitive exclusion |
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-if two species are competing for a resource, the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally
-in other words, no two species with the same niche can coexist on a long-term basis |
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| two species to live in the same habitat by exploiting different parts of the habitat, or different food sources |
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| adaptation of a species to the other organisms in its community |
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| benefits one but doesn't harm the other |
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| warning coloration that is characteristic of animals that use poisons |
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| color that blends in with surrounding |
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| coevolutionary arms race between predators and prey is likely because |
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-any feature that acts to decrease the probability of capture should thus be strongly favored by selection in prey
-natural selection would also favor counter-adaptations in predators |
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| when a palatable species resemebles a poisonous one |
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| when several unrelated, but protected, species come to resemble one another |
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| special case of mimicry in which one animal body part comes to resemble another body part |
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