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| Happened when people had disagreements with the Catholic church. Feudalism purposed problems, the Catholic church served as the “government” and there was much corruption within the church. |
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| Wrote his arguments called the “95 Theses” and nailed it to a Cathedral door in Germany. He started the German Reformation that soon spread throughout Europe. |
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| Document of Martin Luther that stated "Salvation comes through faith alone, and God grants saving faith only to those who hear his Word preached to them, struggle to understand it and admit that without Go'ds grace, they are damned." |
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| Wrote "Institutes of Christian Religion" He was a French protestant that believed in salvation through faith & God. He fled to Geneva, Switzerland there he set leardership/laws. |
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| Institutes of Christian Religion |
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| Works of John Calvin that he enforced in the Swiss canton of Geneva |
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| Between 1534 & 1543 he made 3 voyages to North America. He explored the St. Lawrence Valley. |
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| United Provinces of the Netherlands |
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| "Dutch Republic". Surpassed all rivals in shipping & trade. Dutch Republicanism emphasized local liberties, prosperity, and religious toleration. Political power was decentralized to the cities and their wealthy merchants tried to keep trade as free as possible and resisted the monarchial goals of the House of Orange |
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| Stadholder of Holland. Commanded the armies and other Dutch provinces |
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| An Englishman working for the Dutch who sailed up the "North River" and claimed the area for the Netherlands in 1609 |
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| in 1626 he brought 30 Walloon (french-speaking) protestant refugee families to Manhatten Island & bought it from the indians claiming it as New Amsterdam |
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| The richest coporation of it's time. Took over Spains trade in the Portuguese East indies dominating the Spice Islands and even Nagasaki in Japan |
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| Puts political ideas over religious ideas |
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| A French Politique. Believed Catholics & Huguenots could work together, Europenize the Indians, & even marry them. Made 11 trips to Canada. During his second voyage (1604-1606) he established a predominantly Huguenot settlement in Acadia. In 1608 he founded Qubec. |
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| a law signed by Henry IV in 1598 and revoked by Louis XIV in 1685 that allowed civil and religious tolerance to French Protestants |
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| "Society of Jesus" Emerged in the 16th century as the Catholic Church's best educated & most militant religious order. Tried to convert indiansinto Christians from China to North America. |
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| Religious radical who attracted a large following in Massachusettes, especially in Boston. She warned that nearly all of the minitsters were preaching a convenant of works instead of the covenant of grace. Convicted of the Aninomian heresy after claiming that she recieved direct messages from God, she and her most loyal followers were banished to Rhode Island in 1608 |
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| Loyal followers of the king |
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| Philedelphia. Founded by William Penn. |
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| What the Quakers called their congregation |
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| God, in the form of an 'inner light', is present in all people |
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| Modern day NYC. Founded by Henry Hudson in 1626 |
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| Modern day Albany. Established as a trade post for the Dutch and the Iriquoise |
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| Was given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean and North America by the States General in 1621. |
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| Protestants that followed the teachings of John Calvin. They wanted a fuller reformation of the church of england & hoped to replace the book of common prayer with sermons. They wanted to purify the church of england of its survivng catholic ceremonies. |
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| Protestants that seperated from the Church of England |
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French Economy. European economic theory and system that actively supported the establishment of colonies that would supply materials and markets and relieve home nations of dependence on other nations
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| The selling of salvation. If you paid money you were promised to be saved. |
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| Established in 1620 by the Pilgrams in Massachusettes. |
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| Seperatists that left Holland to escape religious persecution |
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| Founded in 1607, Jamestown became England's first permenant settlement in North America. It served as the capital of Virginia for most of the 17th century. |
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| A form of business organization that resembled a modern corporation. Individuals invested in the company through the purchase of shares. One major difference between then and today was that each stock holder had one vote regardless of how many shares he owned. The first permanent English colonies in North America were established by joint-stock companies |
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| First Jesuits to become saints |
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| From the Tudor family. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon. When his wife was unable to concieve a boy & Henry was displeased he took over the Catholic Church and divorced Catherine. 2nd wife, Anne Bolyn, was carrying Henry's illegitamate child, Elizabith I. Henry had Anne beheaded. 3rd wife Jane Seymour gave birth to a son, Edward VI but did not become king. |
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| Catherine of Aragon's daughter. Was a Catholic & beheaded many protestants in her heir |
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| 2nd daughter of Henry VIII & also a protestant. Came into power after Mary died. Helped establish many explorations. |
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| Made 3 trips to New Spain, on his 3rd trip his ships were sunk by the Spanish |
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| He was a pirate that stole treasure & sank ships. Wanted to seek revenge on Spain. First Englishman to sail around the world. He became a knight by robbing Spanish ships & bringing back large amounts of money. |
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| The "lost" colony. Established in 1587 by Sir Walter Raleigh. When fleets returned with supplies they colonists were no where to be found & there were no signs as to what may have happened. |
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| A convert to the Society of Friends in the 1660s, Penn used his friendship with Charles II and James Duke of York to acquire a charter for Pennsylvania in 1681, and he then launched a major migration of Friends to the Deleware Valley |
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| The assembly of early Virginia that settlers were allowed to elect. Members met with the governor and his council and enacted local laws. First met in 1619 |
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| A member of the Virginia Council; his strong leadership from 1607 to 1609 probably saved the colony from collapse. Help the settlers & Indians coexist. He befriended Cheif Powahtan & his daughter. He set up trade with the Indians because he knew it was the only way to survive. |
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| The minister of Louis XIV & also as the governor general of New France. He help populate New France by sending women & encouraging the settlers to get married & start families. He also tried to confine the fur trade to annual fairs at Montreal & Quebec. |
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| King of France during the establishment of New France |
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| Was North America's first experiment in ethnic & religious mixture. |
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| Took charge of the New Netherlands after the Pavonia Massacre. He strengthened the town government and the Dutch Reform Church. During his administration the population rose more than 6,000 |
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| An Italian mariner sent by Henry VII to find a NW passage to Asia. He probably only reached Newfoundland & sailed again in 1498 with 5 ships to only have 1 return. |
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| Charted the Virginia Company to colonize between the 34th & 45th parrellels (Jamestown) |
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| Sent out 3 ships in 1607 & landed on a peninsula on the James River. Investors wanted to find gold, silver, or a NW passage to Asia |
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| In 1613 he imported a mild strain of tobacco from the West Indies. Also married Pocahontas |
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| Bound all the settlers to obey the decisions of the majority, a sound precaution in a colony with uncertain legal status. |
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| In 1621 a native Patuxet Indian arrived in Plymouth, he showed the settlers Indian methods of fishing & growing corn. He also introduced them to Massasoit, a powerful indian cheif who celebrated the first Thanksgiving with the Pilgrams after the harvest of 1621 |
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| Believed in religious freedom & seperation of church & state. |
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| Joined 2 other towns to form the colony of Rhode Island where Anne Hutchinson was banished. Rhode Island accepted both the religious liberty and the seperation of church & state that Williams advocated. |
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