Term
|
Definition
| is a proposed explanation for a set of observations |
|
|
Term
| Movement of chemicals and nutrients through an ecosystem |
|
Definition
| Energy enters ecosystems in the form of sunlight. It is then converted to chemical energy by autotrophic organisms, passed to heterotrophs in the organic compounds of food, and dissipated in the form of heat . |
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Term
| List the four most common elements in living organisms |
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. |
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Term
List the dates of the beginning of earth, appearance of prokaryotes, unicellular &
multicellular eukaryotes |
|
Definition
Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
By 3.5 billion years ago, photosynthetic bacteria formed sandy stromatolite mats |
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Term
| List the order of taxonomic categories |
|
Definition
Kingdom.......Kids
Phylum ..........Prefer
Class............Candy
Order............Over
Family..........Fine
Genus ..........Green
Species.........Salads
Sub-Species |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of the microscopes discusses in class? |
|
Definition
LM = Cheap and easy to use, limited maginifcation
EM = Expensive, dead cells, detailed pictures. |
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Term
| Describe the 3 electron shells |
|
Definition
| The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons, the 2nd shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the 3rd shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10), |
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Term
| Explain how carbohydrates are stored |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose molecules which can only be stored in very small amounts. Excess glucose which are not readily used are converted into glycogen and stored in fatty tissues of the body. |
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Term
| Describe an enzyme active site |
|
Definition
Enzymes: globular protein functioning as biological catalyst, speeding up reaction rates by lowering activation energy.
Active site: site on the surface of enzyme to which substrate binds |
|
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Term
| Describe the types of transport discussed in class |
|
Definition
A cell uses two mechanisms for moving large molecules across membranes
Exocytosis is used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides
Endocytosis is used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell |
|
|
Term
Define the different forms of energy and how they can change from one into
another |
|
Definition
Energy is the capacity to do work and cause change
Work is accomplished when an object is moved against an opposing force, such as friction
There are two kinds of energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion
Potential energy is energy that an object possesses as a result of its location |
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Term
| Explain the two parts of a chemical reaction |
|
Definition
Reactant: a substance which is in a chemical reaction.
Product: substance which is produced by the chemical reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction. |
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Term
|
Definition
A measure of the relative acidity of a solution, ranging in
value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). The letters pH stand
for potential hydrogen and refer to the concentration of hydrogen
ions (H+). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration
in a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypertonic: Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell,
will cause the cell to lose water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
A process in which individuals with certain
inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are
individuals that do not have those traits. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
All the organisms in a given area, along
with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological
community and its physical environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charges. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different properties |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually the element hydrogen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells. |
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|
Term
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
An extensive membranous network
in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free(smooth) regions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells;
contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged
organelles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting
of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products
of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
|
|
Term
| Define Cellular respiration |
|
Definition
The aerobic harvesting of energy from food
molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules,
such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a
form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the
citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron
transport chain and chemiosmosis). |
|
|
Term
| Define Concentration gradient |
|
Definition
A region along which the density of a
chemical substance increases or decreases. Cells often maintain
concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a
gradient exists, substances tend to move from where they are more
concentrated to where they are less concentrated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. |
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Term
|
Definition
A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. Negative feedback is a common control
mechanism in which a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or
hormone-secreting gland is inhibited by the products of the reaction,
pathway, or gland. As the concentration of the products builds up, the product molecules themselves inhibit the process
that produced them |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The homeostatic maintenance of solute concentrations and the balance of water gain and loss. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Photoautotrophic prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A thick-coated, protective cell produced within a bacterial
cell. Endospore becomes dormant and is able to survive harsh environmental conditions. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent
bond in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom
participating in a polar covalent bond in another molecule (or in another region of the same molecule). |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of the Nucleus ? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
DNA replication, RNA synthesis; assembly of ribosomal subunits
(in nucleoli) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Ribosomes ? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
| Polypeptide (protein) synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Rough ER ? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
Synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins, secretory proteins,
and hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Smooth ER? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
| Lipid synthesis; detoxification in liver cells; calcium ion storage |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Golgi apparatus? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
Modification and sorting of macromolecules; formation
of lysosomes and transport vesicles |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Lysosomes? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
| Digestion of ingested food, bacteria, and a cell’s damaged organelles and macromolecules for recycling |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will
cause the cell to take up water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration
in a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox
reaction; always accompanies oxidation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Short for reduction-oxidation reaction; a chemical
reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation)
and added to another (reduction). |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Vacuoles? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
Digestion (food vacuole); storage of chemicals and cell
enlargement (central vacuole); water balance (contractile vacuole) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Peroxisomes? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
Diverse metabolic processes, with breakdown of toxic hydrogen
peroxide by-product |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Mitochondria? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
| Conversion of chemical energy in food to chemical energy of ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Chloroplasts? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
| Conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Cytoskeleton? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
| Maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for organelles; intermediate filaments, movement of organelles within cells; cell movement (Crawling muscle contraction, bending of cilia and flagella) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Extracellular matrix? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
| Support; regulation of cellular activities |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Cell junctions? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
| Communication between cells; binding of cells in tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of Cell walls? Explain the important features. |
|
Definition
| Support and protection; binding of cells in tissues |
|
|
Term
| Describe the upper tier of Life’s hierarchy |
|
Definition
Biosphere—all the environments on Earth that support life
Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular area
Community—the array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem
Population—all the individuals of a species within a specific area |
|
|
Term
| Describe the middle tier of Life’s hierarchy |
|
Definition
Organ systems—have specific functions; are composed of organs
Organs—provide specific functions for the organism
Tissues—made of groups of similar cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lower tier of Life’s hierarchy |
|
Definition
Cells—living entities distinguished from their environment by a membrane
Organelles—membrane-bound structures with specific functions
Molecules—clusters of atoms
Atoms- smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of a particular element. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animals that profit from plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break down dead organic material, which is recycled |
|
|
Term
| Common properties of organisms |
|
Definition
Order
Regulation
Growth and development
Energy processing
Response to the environment
Reproduction
Evolutionary Adaptation |
|
|
Term
| Define The three domains (groups) of life |
|
Definition
Bacteria—prokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic
Archaea—like bacteria, are prokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic
Eukarya—are eukaryotic and contain a nucleus and organelles
including protists, plants, animals, and fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence |
|
|
Term
| Define emergent property: |
|
Definition
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
The combination of the parts that form a more complex organization is called a system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything that occupies space and has mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Life requires 25 essential elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of a element |
|
|
Term
| Describe the subatomic particles: |
|
Definition
Proton—has a single positive electrical charge
Electron—has a single negative electrical charge
Neutron—is electrically neutral |
|
|
Term
| What is the atomic number: |
|
Definition
| The number of protons in an atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One of several atomic forms of an element, each
with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. |
|
|
Term
| Define Nonpolar Covalent bonds |
|
Definition
A covalent bond in which electrons are
shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. |
|
|
Term
| Define polar covalent bond |
|
Definition
A covalent bond between atoms that differ in
electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the
more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the
other atom slightly positive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the
movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. Heat
is energy in its most random form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting
the average kinetic energy or speed of molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile
solvent known. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“Water-loving”; pertaining to polar or
charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four functional group |
|
Definition
Hydroxyl group—consists of a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen
Carbonyl group—a carbon linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom
Carboxyl group—consists of a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group
Amino group—composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton
Phosphate group—consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A large molecule consisting of many identical
or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds
maltose, sucrose, lactose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The subunit that serves as a building
block of a polymer. : glucose, fructose, galactose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A chemical reaction that breaks bonds
between two molecules by the addition of water; process by which
polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are composed of monomers called nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
Nucleotides have three parts
A five-carbon sugar called ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“Water-fearing”; pertaining to
nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do not dissolve
in water. |
|
|
Term
| Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic |
|
Definition
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane and one or more chromosomes and ribosomes
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and a number of other organelles, whereas prokaryotes have a nucleoid and no true organelles |
|
|
Term
| What are thefour life processes in eukaryotic cells that depend upon structures and organelles. |
|
Definition
Manufacturing
Breakdown of molecules
Energy processing
Structural support, movement, and communication |
|
|
Term
| Manufacturing organelles are: |
|
Definition
| involves the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
| Breakdown organelles are : |
|
Definition
| of molecules involves lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes |
|
|
Term
| Energy processing organelles are: |
|
Definition
| involves mitochondria in animal cells and chloroplasts in plant cells |
|
|
Term
| Structural support, movement, and communication organelles are: |
|
Definition
| involve the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall |
|
|
Term
| The cytoskeleton is composed of three kinds of fibers: |
|
Definition
Microfilaments (actin filaments) support the cell’s shape and are involved in motility
Intermediate filaments reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles
Microtubules (made of tubulin) shape the cell and act as tracks for motor protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration
gradient from where it is more concentrated to where it
is less concentrated. |
|
|
Term
| Define passive transport: |
|
Definition
| The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, with no expenditure of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a term that describes the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Isotonic indicates that the concentration of a solute is the same on both sides
Hypertonic indicates that the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell
Hypotonic indicates a higher concentration of solute inside the cell |
|
|
Term
| Define facilitated diffusion: |
|
Definition
The passage of a substance through a specific
transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration
gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Define: Endothermic Reactions |
|
Definition
Chemical reactions in which energy is absorbed are endothermic. Energy is required for the reaction to occur.
The energy absorbed is often heat energy or electrical energy. Adding electrical energy to metal oxides can
separate them into the pure metal and oxygen. Adding electrical energy to sodium chloride can cause the table
salt to break into its original sodium and chlorine parts. |
|
|
Term
| Define: Exothermic Reactions |
|
Definition
Chemical reactions in which energy is released are exothermic. The energy that is released was originally stored
in the chemical bonds of the reactants. Often the heat given off causes the product(s) to feel hot. Any reaction
that involves combustion (burning) is an exothermic chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
| Define Cellular respiration: |
|
Definition
The aerobic harvesting of energy from food
molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules,
such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a
form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the
citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron
transport chain and chemiosmosis). |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps of cellular respiration: |
|
Definition
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Stage 2: The citric acid cycle
Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Explain Stage 1: Glycolysis: |
|
Definition
Glycolysis begins respiration by breaking glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate
This stage occurs in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Explain Stage 2: The citric acid cycle |
|
Definition
The citric acid cycle breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and supplies the third stage with electrons
This stage occurs in the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Explain Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
During this stage, electrons are shuttled through the electron transport chain
As a result, ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis
This stage occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologous structures are structures that indicate a related evolutionary ancestry, not just similarity. For example, the flipper of a whale, the wing of a bird, and the arm of a a human are similar in their bone structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Analogous structures are structures that are similar in appearance and function but are not the result of shared ancestry. For example, the wings of a birds and insects have the same function, but they do not reflect a shared ancestry. |
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