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| the study of human species and its immediate ancestors |
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| the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture |
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| traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of some people exposed to them |
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| economy based on plant cultivation and/or animal domestication |
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| anthropology as a whole: cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic |
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| combining biological and cultural approaches to a given problem |
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| the comparative, cross-cultural, study of human society and culture |
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| fieldwork in a particular cultural setting |
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| archaeological anthropology |
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| the study of human behavior through material remains |
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| study of socio-cultural differences and similarities |
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| looks at the ecosystems of the past |
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| biological (physical) anthropology |
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| the study of human biological variation in time and space |
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| the study of language and linguistic diversity in time, space, and society |
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| the study of language in society |
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| field of study that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world |
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| paleontologist that studies the fossil record of the human condition |
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| using anthropology to solve contemporary problems |
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| a set of ideas formulated to explain something |
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| an observed relationship between two or more variables |
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| cultural resource management |
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| deciding what needs saving when entire archaeological sites cannot be saved |
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| a suggested but as yet unverified explanation |
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| the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations |
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| something, verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else |
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| key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture |
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| member of hominid family, any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla |
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| hominids excluding the African apes, all the human species that have ever existed |
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| something that exists in every culture |
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| culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies |
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| distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration |
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| ideal culture consists of what people say they should do and what they say they do. Real culture refers to their actual behavior as observed by an anthropologist |
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| different cultural traditions associated with subgroups int he same nation |
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| cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation |
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| cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries |
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| judging other cultures using one's own cultural standards |
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| rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions |
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| rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies |
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| idea that to know another culture requires full understanding of its member's beliefs and motivations |
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| intellectual property rights; an indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications |
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| borrowing of cultural traits between societies |
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| an exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact |
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| the independent development of a cultural feature in different societies |
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| the acceleration interdependence of nations in the world systems today |
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| culture came into existence when humans began to use symbols |
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| proper roles fro applied anthropologists |
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Definition
1) identifying needs for change that local people perceive
2) working with those people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change
3) protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that may threaten them |
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| field that examines the sociocultural dimensions of economic development |
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reduction in absolute poverty, with more even distribution of wealth
must have support of reform minded governments |
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| trying to achieve too much change |
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| to maximize social and economic benefits projects must: |
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1) be culturally compatible
2) respond to locally perceived needs
3) involve men and women in planning and carrying out the changes that affect them
4) harness traditional organizations
5) be flexible |
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| seeing less-developed countries as the sam; ignoring cultural diversity |
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| a kin group composed of people whose social solidarity is based on their belief that they share common ancestry |
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| faulty design for projects often assume: |
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Definition
1) individualistic productive units that are privately owned by an individual or couple and worked by a nuclear family
2) cooperatives that are at least partially based on models from the former Eastern bloc and Social countries |
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| anthropology and education |
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| study of students in the context of the family, peers, and enculturation |
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| anthropological study of cities and urban life |
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the comparative, bicultural study of disease, health problems, and health-care systems
1) identify the most pressing health problems that indigenous communities face
2) gather info on solutions to those problems
3) implement solutions in partnership with the agencies and organizations that are in charge of public health programs for indigenous populations |
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| a scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen |
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| a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual |
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| beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with preventing and curing illness |
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| personalistic disease theory |
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| blame illness on agents such as sorcerers or ancestral spirits |
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| naturalistic disease theory |
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| explain illness in impersonal terms |
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| emotionalistic disease theory |
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| assume that emotional experience cause illness |
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one who diagnoses and treats illness
-emerge through culturally defined process of selection and training |
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| a health-care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures |
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1) participant observation
2) interviews and chitchat
3) genealogical method
4) key consultants
5) life histories |
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| the continuous long-term study of an area or site usually based on repeated visits |
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| coordinated research by multiple ethnographers |
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| first act of ethnographers |
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| the naming phase- asking the name of the objects around us |
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| form, guide, used to structure a formal, but personal, interview |
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| from used by sociologists to obtain comparable info from respondents |
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| using diagrams and symbols to record kin connections |
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| expert on a particular aspect of local life |
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| Why genealogy is important |
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| its important building block in the social organization of nonindustrial societies, where people live and work each day with their close kin |
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| of a key consultant; a personal portrait of someone's life in a culture |
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| research strategy focusing on local explanations and meanings |
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| people who teach an ethnographer about their culture |
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| research strategy emphasizing the ethnographer's explanations and categories |
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| gather information on factors such as population density, environmental quality, climate, physical geography, diet, and land use |
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| the study of society through sampling statistical analysis and impersonal data collection |
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| a smaller study group chosen to represent a larger population |
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| a sample in which all population members have an equal chance of inclusion |
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| attributes that differ from one person or case to the next |
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| large, populous societies with stratification and a government |
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| idea of a single line or path of cultural development |
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| idea (boss) that histories are not cap arable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result |
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| approach focusing on the role of sociocultural practices in social systems |
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| studying societies at one time |
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| studying societies across time |
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| view of culture as integrated and patterned |
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| idea (harris) that cultural infrastructure determines structure and superstructure |
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| (kroeber) the special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms |
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| the study of symbols in their social and cultural context |
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| interpretive anthropology |
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| (Geertz) the study of a culture as a system of meaning |
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| the actions of individuals, alone and in groups, that create and transform culture |
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| the web of interrelated economic and power relations in society |
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| profit-oriented global economy based on production fro sale |
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| wealth invested with the intent of producing profit |
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| idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries |
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| dominant position in the world system; nations with advanced systems of production |
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| position in the world system intermediate between core and periphery |
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| weakest structural and economic position in the world system |
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| (in Europe after 1750) socioeconomic transformation through industrialization |
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| owners of the means of production |
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| working class or proletariat |
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| people who must sell their labor to survive |
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| policy aimed at seizing and ruling foreign territory and peoples |
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| long-term foreign control of a territory and its people |
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| relations between European nations and areas they colonized and once ruled |
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| ideological justification for outsiders to guide or rule native peoples |
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| governments shouldn't regulate private enterprise; free markets forces should rule |
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| property owned by the community; people working for the common good |
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| political movement aimed at replacing capitalism with Soviet-style communism |
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| original inhabitants of particular areas |
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| a good friendly working relationship based on personal contact |
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| everyday cultural patterns are the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior |
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-unilinear evolutionism
-humans evolved through a series of stages |
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| -unilinear path-animism to polytheism, monotheism, to science |
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| practices that survived in contemporary society from earlier evolutionary stages |
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father of 4-subfield american anthropology
formed from interest in Native Americans |
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| people of many races have contributed to major historical advances and that civilization is the achievement of no single race |
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shared by some but not all societies
-independent invention
the boasians stressed the importance of diffusion or borrowing from other cultures |
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father of ethnography
functionalist in two sense:
1. all customs in institutions in society were integrated and interrelated
2. needs functionalism- humans had set of universal biological needs and that customs developed to fulfill those needs |
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| Panglossian fundamentalism |
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| a tendency to see things as functioning not just to maintain the system but to do so in the most optimal way possible, so that any deviation from the norm would only damage the system |
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| stressed that culture traits, whole cultures, are uniquely patterned or integrated |
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| general evolution- idea that over time and through the archaeological, historical, and ethnographic records we can see the evolution of culture as a whole |
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| combination of subsistence and economic activities that determined the social order and the configuration of that culture in general |
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| societies had infrostructure consisting of technology, economics, and demography |
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| father of sociology and anthropology |
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examines how symbols and rituals are used to redress, regulate, anticipate, and avoid conflict
examines the hierarchy of symbols from social meanings and functions to their internalization within individuals |
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| meanings- carried out by public symbolic forms including words, rituals, and customs |
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| structuralism aims not at explaining relations, themes, and connections among aspects of culture but at discovering them |
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| recognizes that individulas within a society or culture have diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence |
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