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| a particular way of seeing and learning about past human cultures through the analysis of material remains in their temporal or spatial contexts |
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| the by-product of learned, shared, and cognitively structured human behavior/culture |
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| Renaissance & Enlightenment movement |
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| the Western-based movements that largely developed archaeology's approach |
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| Humans were a part of the natural world and subject to the world's laws & principles |
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| "gentleman scholars," began systematic study and collection of artifacts in the the 17th and 18th centuries |
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| a belief in collecting and studying artifacts from around the world; had no set methods for ordering things in time |
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| study of the layers of zones; used to place artifacts in time ranges; only way to read time directly from a site's spatial context |
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| Main founders of systematic excavation and record-keeping for the US |
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| archaeologists are guilty of using artifacts to support the status quo of contemporary society's histories |
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| Ordering system based on time |
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| Two types of info essential to understanding the material record |
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| the context and association of the material record with the objects/other material record around it |
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| the how and why of an occurance |
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| created the Three Age Ordering System (Stone, Copper, Iron) |
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| Three Age Ordering System |
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| implemented in 1820, included stratigraphic ranges, first attempt of creating a temporal framework for prehistoric relics |
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| that the newest relics are always closest to the surface |
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| regular time sequences and other cultural remains for local areas & based on stratigraphic excavation |
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| absolute dating; gives an exact or estimated date for an object; includes radiocarbon dating or dendrochronology |
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| based on stratigraphy & placing objects in relative order |
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| change of an artifact style over time; method of relative dating |
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| repeated patterns of action within a culturally defined framework |
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| locating and documenting sites in a landscape |
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| Geographic Information System (GIS) |
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| a computer system designed to utilize all types of spatial or geographical data |
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| sampling in straight lines and sample at certain intervals |
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| often used in random sampling, small pit excavation |
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| studies how human behavior is translated into archaeological record |
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| spatial manifestation of the relations between humans and the environment |
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| researchers choose a sample location based on prior knowledge |
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| Bulk samples taken to lab, small things sorted on site |
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| links the static connection of "objects in context" to past human behavior; "a particularly rigorous analogy" |
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| studies the dynamics that produced the static remains in the present |
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| Uniformitarian Perspective |
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| perspective of the past having the same cause-and-effect relationships observable in the present |
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| the processes, natural and cultural, that create archaeological sites |
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| static, 3D context in the present |
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| dynamic, active context of use in the past |
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| developed in the 1930s and 40s by anthropologist Julian Steward |
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| developed in the 1930s through 1950s by Leslie White |
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| a field of biological theory |
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| energy that fuels human societies; enables social and biological reproduction |
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| subsistence strongly determines political & economical structure & the dominant influence in social, political & economic change over time |
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| study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior based on ecological pressures |
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| uses archaeological data to compare different levels of human impact on ecosystems and to explore the causes of those processes |
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| paleoenvironmental reconstruction |
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| methods of reconstructing past environments and human subsistence strategies |
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| deals with animal remains & archaeology |
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| Paleoethnobotany or archaeobotany |
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| deals with plant remains & archaeology & humans |
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| assesses biasing factors in post-discard natural processes; asks what effect does differential destructive processes have on the species and elements present |
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