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| individuals and institutions, are the vehicles through which government policies are made and affairs of state are conducted |
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| members of a political community who by nature of being born in a particular nation or having becoming a naturalized citizen are entitled to all freedoms guaranteed by the government |
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| the study of what has been called "who gets what, where, when, and how" or more simply, the process of how policy decisions are made |
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| type of government that is defined by the rule of one in the interest of all his or her subjects |
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| a form of government where the leader exercises unlimited power and individuals have no rights or liberties |
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| participation in government in conditioned on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievment |
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| a system of government that gives power to the people either directly or through elected officials |
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| agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed |
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| a theory that states that all people are free and equal by natural right |
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| a form of democracy where all citizens discuss and decide issues facing the state |
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| form of democracy where people elect their own representatives to make decisions for them |
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| an implied system of government in which the interests of the people are represented by more educated or wealthier citizens |
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| shared beliefs, attitudes, and core values about how a government should operate |
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| the ideas that governments must draw their powers from the consent of the governed |
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| another core political value, means that the majority (usually 50% plus 1)of citizens in any political unit should elect officials and determine policies |
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| the right that majority to govern themselves |
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| a doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature, and as such, can be understood by reason |
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| hallmarks of our political culture and also are fundamentalists |
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| a defender of the status quo who, when change becomes necessary in tested institutions or practices, prefers that it come slowly, and in moderation |
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| currently, one who believes in more government action to meet individuals needs, originally, one who resisted government encroachments on individual liberties |
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| a political group that have been long believed in the evils of big government and stress that the government should not involve itself in the plight of the people or attempt to remedy any social skills |
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| an American ideal of a happy and successful life to which many aspire, which often includes wealth, a house, a better life for one's children, and, for some, the ability to grow up to be president- also influenced by their political ideology, as well as by their, social, economic, educational, and personal circumstances |
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| economic theory designed to increase a nation's wealth through the development of commercial industry and favorable balance of trade |
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| meeting of representatives of nine of the thirteen colonies held in New York City in 1765, during which representatives drafted a document to send to the king listing how their rights have been violtated |
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| Committees of Corespondence |
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| Organizations in each of the American colonies abreast of developments with the British; served as powerful molders of public opinion against the British |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| Meeting held in Philadelphia from September 5, to October 26, 1774, in which fifty-six delegates (from every colony except Georgia) adopted a resolution in opposition to the Coercive Acts |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| Meeting that convened in Philadelphia on May 10,1775, at which it was decided that an army should be raised and George Washington of Virginia was named commander in chief |
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| type of government where the national government derives its powers from states; a league of independent states |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| document drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that proclaimed the right of the American colonies to separate from Great Britain |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| the compact among the thirteen original states that was the basis of their government. Written in 1776, the Articles of the Confederation were not ratified by all of the states until 1781 |
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| a 1786 rebellion in which an army of 1500 disgruntled and angry farmers led by Daniel Shays marched to Springfield Massachusetts and forcibly restrained the state court from foreclosing mortgages on their farms |
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| a document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of government |
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| a way of dividing power among three branches of government in which the members of the House of Representatives, members of the Senate, the president, and the federal courts are selected by and responsible to different constituencies |
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| a government structure that gives each of the three branches of government some degree of oversight and control over the actions of others |
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| plan of government created in the U.S. Constitution in which power is given and divided between the national and state governments and in which independent states are bound together in one national government |
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| seventeen specific powers granted to Congress under Article 1, section 8, of the U.S. Constitution; these powers include taxation, coinage of money, regulation of commerce, and authority to provide national defense |
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| necessary and proper clause |
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| the final paragraph of Article 1, section 8, of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the U.S. Constitution; also called the elastic clause |
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| powers derived from the enumerated powers and necessary and proper clause. These powers are not stated specifically but are considered reasonably implied through the exercise of delegated powers |
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| portion of Article VI of the U.S. Constitution mandating that national law is also supreme to (that is supersedes) all other laws passed by the states or by any other subdivision of government |
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| those who favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed Constitution; later became the first U.S. political party |
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| Those who favored a strong state-governments and a weak national government; opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
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| A series of eighty-five political papers written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison in support of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
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| the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution |
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| system of government where the national government and state governments derive all authority from the people |
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| system of government where the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong government |
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Definition
| 17 specific powers granted to Congress under Article 1, section 8, of the U.S. Constitution; these powers include taxation, coinage of money, regulation of commerce, and authority to provide national defence |
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Term
| necessary and proper clause |
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Definition
| the final paragraph of Article 1, section 8, of the U.S. Constitution which gives Congress the authority to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the Constitution; also called the elastic clause |
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| privileges and immunities clause |
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Definition
| part of Article IV of the Constitution guarateeing that citizens of each state are afforded the same rights in other states |
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| The final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating: "The powers not delegated by the U.S. Constitution nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." |
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| reserve (or police) powers |
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| powers reserved to the states by the 10th Amendment that lie at the foundation of a state's rights to legislative for the public health and welfare of the citizens |
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| authority possessed by both the state and national governments that may be exercised concurrently as long as that power is not exclusively within the scope of national power or conflict with national law |
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| a law declaring an act illegal without judicial trial |
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| law passed after the fact, thereby making previously legal activity illegal and subject to current penalty; prohibited by the U.S. Constitution |
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| full faith and credit clause |
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| portion of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in every other state |
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| full faith and credit clause |
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Definition
| portion of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in every other state |
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| contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns |
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| the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the bank. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings and upholding expansive powers |
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| the Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expensive federal powers |
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| the belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangment |
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| authorized Congress to ensure a national income tax |
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| made senators directly elected by the people; removed their selection from state legislators |
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| the relationship between the national and state governments that began the New Deal |
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| grant for which Congress appropriates funds for a specific use |
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| federal/state relationship proposed by the Reagan administration during the 1980s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state government |
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| block grant with few strings attached; given to states by the government for specified activities such as secondary schools and health services |
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| national laws that direct states or local governments to comply with federal rules or regulations but contain no federal funding to defray the costs of these requirments |
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| a concept derived from the Constitution's supremacy clause that allows the national government to override or preempt state or local actions in certain areas |
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| the right of the state to be free from lawsuit unless it gives permission to the suit. Under the 11th Amendment, all states are considered sovereign |
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| what the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time |
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| interviews or surveys with samples of citizens that are used to estimate the feelings and beliefs of an entire population |
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| unscientific surveys used to gauge public opinion on a variety of issues and surveys |
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| the process through which an individual acquires particular political orientations; the learning process by which people acquire their political beliefs and values |
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| the coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals |
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| a method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected |
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| a variation of random sampling; census data is used to divide the country into four sampling regions. Sets of counties and standard metropolitan statistical areas are than randomly selected in proportion into the total national population |
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| polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against the canidate |
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| continuous surveys that enable a campaign to chart its daily rise or fall in support |
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| polls conducted are selected polling places on election day |
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| sampling error or margin error |
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| a measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll |
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| a group of office holders, candidates, activists, and voters who identify with a group label and seek to elect to public office individuals who run under that label |
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| the office holders and candidates who run under a political party's banner |
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| the workers and activists who staff the party's formal organization |
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| the voters who consider themselves allied or associated with a party |
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| a party organization the recruits its members with tangible by a high degree of control over member activity |
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| the selection of party candidates though the ballots of qualified voters rather than at party nomination conventions |
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| these acts are removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created professional bureaucracy filled through competition |
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| politics that focus on specific issues rather than on party, candidate or other loyalties |
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| to vote for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election |
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| a group of interests or organizations that join forces for the purpose of electing public officials |
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| a statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention |
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| a party conclave (meeting) held in the presidential election year for the purposes of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform |
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| institutional collection of policy-orientated researchers and academics who are sources of political ideas |
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| a citizen's personal affinity for a political party, usually expressed by his or her tendency to vote for the candidates of that party |
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| the tendency of third parties to arise with some regularity in a nominally two-party system |
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| a form of newspaper publishing in vogue in the late-nineteenth century, concerned with reforming government and business conduct |
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| a form of journalism, in vogue in the early twentieth century concerned with reforming government and business conduct |
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| the traditional form of mass media, comprising of newspapers, magazines, and journals |
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| the broadcast and cable media, including television, radio, and Internet |
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| an association of broadcast stations (radio and television) that share programming through financial arrangment |
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| local television stations that carry the programming of natural network |
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| an electronic delivery of news gathered by news service's correspondents and send to all members of news media organizations |
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| a document offering an official comment or position |
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| a relatively restricted session between a press secretary or aide and the press |
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| an unrestricted session between an elected official and the press |
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| information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to a named source |
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| information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to any source |
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| information provided to a journalist that will not be released to the public |
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| information provided to a journalist that can be released and attributed by name and source |
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| New York Times Co. vs Sullivan 1964 |
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| The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure |
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| the influence of news sources on public opinion |
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| government attempts to regulate the electronic media |
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| the rule that requires broadcast stations to sell air time equally to all candidates in a political campaign of they choose to sell it to any |
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| rule in effect 1949-1985 requiring broadcasters to cover events adequately and to present contrasting views on important public issues |
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