Term
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Definition
| controlling the body's position in space for the dual purpose of stability and orientation. |
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Term
| discuss the emergence of postural and motor control. |
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Definition
first there is cephalocaudal development, growth that precedes longitudinally from the head to the feet, beginning with muscular control of head and neck to trunk and legs.
then there is proximodistal development where growth and motor control of the trunk region and shoulders before wrists, hands and fingers |
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Term
| what is the reflex theory? |
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Definition
| instability is both reflexive and voluntary; therefore, postural control requires the integration of systems as the individual responds to both the task at hand and the environmental demands in an ordered and spontaneous way. |
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Term
| use the systems persecutive to explain and characterize postural control. |
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Definition
| postural control requires the integration of systems as the individual assesses the requirements of the task and the environmental constraints |
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Term
| achieving postural control depends on what? |
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Definition
| the health of the individual systems and ease with which systems integrate |
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Term
| what is the order of control seen in infants according to Gesell and Gesell? |
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Definition
| head to foot and proximally to distally within segments |
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Term
| at what stage do toddlers demonstrate anticipatory behavior and speculate on the significance of this behavior? |
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Definition
seen by age 1
with 1-3 months of walking experience
refined by 6 months of walking experience |
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Term
| what are the major motor milestones associated with the development of movement? |
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Definition
crawling
sitting
creeping
pull-to-stand
independent stance
walking |
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Term
| what changes in gait and basic movement are evident in older persons? |
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Definition
mildly stooped posture
impaired balance
due to the displacement of the center of gravity and the increased rigidity of the lower body |
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Term
| what variables are predictors or contribute to increased risk of falling in older adults? |
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Definition
| mild impairment in motor and sensory function |
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Term
| briefly describe the vestibular decline and their contribution to fall risk in older adults. |
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Definition
40% loss in vestibular hair and nerve cells
reduces the ability to resolve visual and somatosensory conflict |
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Term
| what types of compensatory muscular responses are produced by older persons in responses differ between young and old subjects? |
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Definition
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Term
| what types of interventions are best in terms of reducing the older persons risk of falling? |
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Definition
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Term
| what system should be activated to help older persons decrease their risk of falling? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the definition of postural control, what does orientation refer to? |
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Definition
| the ability to maintain appropriate relationships between the individual, the task and the environment |
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Term
| proprioception is always fed to the spinal cord and then to where? |
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Definition
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Term
| what allows for postural control? |
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Definition
instability
changing the base of support or the orientation of body segments |
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Term
| T/F postural control requires higher order control. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is cephalocaudal development? |
|
Definition
| growth that proceeds longitudinally from the head to feet beginning with muscular control of head and neck to trunk and legs. |
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Term
| what is proximodistal control? |
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Definition
| growth and motor control in the trunk region and shoulders before wrists, hands and fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| a perceptual/ cognitive process built upon experience that emerges as the child learns to predict changes in the environment |
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Term
| give an example of cephalocaudal development. |
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Definition
| an infant responds to noise stimuli with head first then the extremities |
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Term
| when does integration of systems occur? |
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Definition
| begins at birth and becomes more precise |
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Term
| what causes an individual to adapt? |
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Definition
| a continuing process as a result of interacting with the environment |
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Term
| after the task is identified, where is the decision made? |
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Definition
| in the front part of the brain |
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Term
what is compensatory stepping?
when is it seen? |
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Definition
| steps to recover balance in children with 1-3 months of walking experience |
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Term
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Definition
| postural control and balance |
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Term
| explain the relationship of aging and health care costs. |
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Definition
| there is an eventual loss of functional independence with a corresponding increase in health care costs |
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Term
| what percent of people who fall suffer moderate to severe injuries? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ out of ____ adults 65 and over fall each year. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the percent of fatal falls in 2007 of persons 65 and over? |
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Definition
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Term
| who has a high fatal fall percentage, men or women? |
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Definition
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Term
| who is likely to be more injured in a fall, men or women? |
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Definition
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Term
| briefly describe the ROM and mobility decline and their contribution to fall risk in older adults. |
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Definition
| decreased ROM and mobility can cause kyphosis or lordosis in the spine causing a change in the center of mass that goes beyond the base of support. |
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Term
| briefly describe the muscle mass decline and their contribution to fall risk in older adults. |
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Definition
sarcopenia
largest percent in fast twitch fibers
40% loss of muscle mass from age 30 to 80
ones ability to react to and produce compensatory movement in response to an instability is slower due to sarcopenia |
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Term
| briefly describe the CNS decline and their contribution to fall risk in older adults. |
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Definition
proprioceptive and cutaneous senses less in unstable older adults
return to stability is slower
loss of receptors and fibers innervating those receptors |
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Term
| briefly describe the vision decline and their contribution to fall risk in older adults. |
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Definition
vestibulo-ocular reflex
great deal of reliance on vision for balance
cataracts, macular degeneration and brain damage and decrease in visual function increases risk for falling |
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Term
| what factors contribute to sarcopenia? |
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Definition
decrease GH secretion
decrease oestrogen/androgen
increase inactivity
increase fat mass
increase pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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Term
| extended inflammation causes what in cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is said regarding muscle loss and older people who maintain their muscle mass? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F attentional demands impact response latency in older adults. |
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Definition
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Term
| what does conflict between the ability to resolve visual and somatosensory conflict in conjunction with somatosensory input cause in older persons? |
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Definition
| can cause dizziness and unsteadiness |
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Term
what is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
what is the pathway? |
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Definition
visual stimuli causes the head to turn activating the vestibular system
hair cells (increase in K+) to 8th cranial nerve to vestibular nerve in the brain stem |
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Term
| what factors increase the risk of falling in older adults? |
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Definition
decrease in muscle mass
decrease in CNS
decrease in ROM and mobility
decrease in vision
decrease in vestibular function |
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Term
| what declines are seen of the CNS in healthy 80 year olds? |
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Definition
mild impairment in motor and sensory function
mildly stooped posture and impaired balance |
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Term
| T/F there is a generalized slowness of behavior in older adults |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is strength loss attributed to in older adults? |
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Definition
| decrease in type 2 fibers |
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Term
| what percent loss is seen in muscle strength between age 30 and 80? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| multifactorial disease is a result of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| with increasing age there is a decrease in muscle mass and an increase in fat mass, this results in what in relation to reflexiveness? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is believed to form the basis for cognitive decline during aging? |
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Definition
| a decrease in transmission through a brain structure or a shift in the ability to modify synaptic connections could constitute a functional lesion |
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Term
| what increases/ decreases in amplitude as we age? |
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Definition
| sensory evoked responses decrease as latency increases |
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Term
| T/F the more tasks at hand, the more unstable. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does a 40% loss in vestibular hair cells by age 70 tell us being that the vestibular system is an absolute reference system? |
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Definition
| a decline in the vestibular system results in a reduced inability to resolve visual and somatosensory conflict |
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Term
| what happens to the size of the visual field with aging? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the rods and cones like in older individuals? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what was Rosenhall's study? |
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Definition
| dissected the vestibular apparatus of cadavers |
|
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Term
| what happens to the size of the visual field with age? |
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Definition
|
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Term
explain the flow chart.
what is the flow chart? |
|
Definition
sensory-> integration of information-> Motor Output-> Balance
sensory information from the vestibular system, vision and proprioception all contribute to postural control.
the information is transmitted to the cerebellum and the brain stem to innervate AMN.
The motor output is sent to the eyes to make eye movements and to musculature to make postural adjustments. |
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Term
| explain how slipping and falling occurs. |
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Definition
moving into heel strike, the foot slips and loses the grip of the heel strike causing the foot to move forward
the center of gravity changes causing a loss of balance as the back foot is unable to properly support the individual
this causes posterior or lateral contact with the ground that could cause lasting trauma. |
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Term
| T/F sway increases with fall history. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F proprioceptive and cutaneous receptors are more in old stable and young adults. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F more strength the better the balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F latencies of postural sway muscles were greatest in young adults. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is peripheral neuropathy? |
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Definition
| the loss in number of receptors and fibers that innervate those receptors such as touch, pressure, and vibration sensation |
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Term
| peripheral neuropathy increases/decreases with age. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| explain the problems with the statement: "research has shown that older adults rely a great deal on vision for balance control." |
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Definition
aging also shows signs of cataracts, macular degeneration, ischemic retinal and brain damage
there is a general decline in vision with age |
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Term
| what systems contribute to postural control? |
|
Definition
vestibular system
vision
proprioception |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the sense from them muscle spindle or GTO |
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|
Term
during a slip what is activated first?
which is followed by what? |
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Definition
the stretched ankle muscles
ordered activation of ascending musculature |
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Term
| what is the difference between young and old people when it comes to muscle activation and response to recovery? |
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Definition
older persons take longer to activate muscle
older persons can have as much as a 40% fiber loss between age 30 and 80
older persons have less flexibility of muscles |
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Term
Postural control is a head to foot then proximal to distal response. In older persons what can occur?
give examples that were found in a study. |
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Definition
some older adults show proximal muscle activation before distal
produce more hip rather than ankle dominant responses to instability
bend at the knees and use more arm activity than young
the greater the perturbation, older adults will uses stepping responses |
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Term
| if you want to train an older adult, what system should you activate to increase balance? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does literature show about strength training and balance? |
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Definition
| some show increases in strength, but some show increase in strength with no increase in balance |
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Term
| why would strength training help with balance? |
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Definition
| because it decreases muscle force output |
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Term
| what type of balance training is better at increase balance? |
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Definition
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Term
in a study done to implement a LiFE what happened?
what did the results show? |
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Definition
a LiFE program was implemented into a groups daily life, where the control group did not get.
the results showed that the LiFE program was effective in reducing falls |
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Term
in a study to test the effectiveness of strength training on standing balance, walking speed, and sit to stand performance, what happened?
what did the results show? |
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Definition
one group of 12 subjects did 10 reps of 6 difference lower body exercises, while 12 subjects acted as the control.
the results showed that the strength exercises did not enhance the standing balance or sit to stand performance, but may show improvements in walking speed |
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Term
| in a study to use Tai-Chi as an intervention to improve balance, what did the results show? |
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Definition
| tai-chi was an appropriate alternative treatment to imp roe balance as to reduce falls in older individuals. |
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Term
| why would tai-chi improve balance? |
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Definition
| it activates to vestibular system |
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Term
| In a study to see the effects of Tai-Chi on muscular strength showed what? |
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Definition
| the results on musculoskeletal health were modest and may not translate into better clinical outcomes |
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Term
| in a study to see the effects of velocity training on older adults showed what? |
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Definition
| the velocity training improved leg power and max strength sustainability but did not improve functional fast performance in either group |
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Term
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Definition
| reactive enhancer slip stimulator |
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Term
| what is the function of a RESS unit? |
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Definition
| create a device to train and measure lower body movement speed in older persons. |
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Term
| what are key points of a RESS unit? |
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Definition
it is safe
it is ADL sensitive |
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Term
| what does a RESS unit stimulate? |
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Definition
| brain centers associated with postural control |
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|
Term
| what does a RESS unit promote? |
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Definition
| ROM in movement specific context |
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Term
| the RESS unit serves as a stimulus for what recruitment? |
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Definition
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