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| Politics exist because people differ on two great questions… |
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| Representative Democracy requires (4) |
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leadership
competition
free communication
meaningful choice for voters |
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| rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on government |
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| government derives its authority by sanction of the people |
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| certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect natural rights of citizens |
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democracy
dictatorship
totalitarianism
constitutional monarchy
absolute monarchy |
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| father of the Constitution |
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| 3 problems with the articles of confederation |
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no separation of powers
weak central government
congress did not have the power to tax |
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| Why was the articles of confederation written |
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| shay's rebellion convinced leaders that a strong central government was needed |
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| states needed to ratify constitution |
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| Hamilton, Madison, John Jay |
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Samuel Adams
Patrick Henry |
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| telling lies about another person with intent to harm |
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| printing lies about others |
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| 4 reasons to have a government |
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force theory
evolutionary theory
divine right theory
social contract theory |
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| Aristotle's 3 classifications of government |
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anarchy
autocracy
oligarchy |
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absolute monarchy
constitutional monarchy
dictatorship |
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| Pen name of the Federalist papers. Author. |
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| resolves any conflicts between the federal government and a state in favor of the federal govrnment |
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| Article I, Section 8. "Necessary and proper clause" |
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| layer cake federalism; education system, foreign policy |
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| marble cake federalism; aftermath of the civil war, new deal programs |
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| Devolution; welfare reform (returning power to the states) |
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| outright money given to the states for specific projects |
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| money given for a specific purpose often outlined by laws; sometimes require matching funds |
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| generalized grants that can be used for anything in the grant area |
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| no strings attached grants |
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| a human right based on nature or God |
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| a weak Constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary war |
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| articles of confederation |
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| a government in which elected representatives make the decisions |
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| authority shared by 3 branches of governmnt |
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| powers given to the state government alone |
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| powers shared by the national and state governments |
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| group with a distinct political interest |
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| order to produce an arrested person before a judge |
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| law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime |
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| law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed |
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| new provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states |
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| executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislator |
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| political system in which the national government shares power with local governments |
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| the effort to transfer responsibility for many public prgrams and services from the federal government to the states |
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| money from the national government that states can spend within broad guidelines determined by Washington |
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| terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants |
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| section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it by the constitution |
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| necessary and proper clause |
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| the doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution |
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| doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the 2 spheres should be kept separate |
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| state power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals |
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| process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot |
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| procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature |
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| procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office |
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| money given by the national government to the states |
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| federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport |
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| federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states |
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| terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds |
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| a decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it |
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| the flow of power and money from the states to local governments |
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| the increased role of nonprofit organizations and private groups in policy implementation |
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| a federal law or regulation that contains language explicitly displacing or superseding any contrary state or local laws |
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| a federal law or regulation that contains language conflicting with state or local laws, that cannot be effectively implemented due to such laws, or that concerns matters in which Washington possesses exclusive constitutional powers or "occupies the field" |
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| the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions |
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| political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution |
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| a government in which all or most citizens participate directly |
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| direct or participatory democracy |
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| a government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote |
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| persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource, like money or power |
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| view that the government is dominated by capitalists |
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| view that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside of government |
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| view that the goverment is dominated by appointed officials |
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| the belief that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy |
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