Term
| At end systole, when ventricular contraction is complete, the pressure in the LV is approx. ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| At end systole, the pressure in the LA is higher at __ since it has been filling during systole. |
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Definition
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Term
| When pressure begins to equalize between the two chambers and the MV begins to close, this phase of diastole is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Interval between the end of systole and closure of the AOV, and just before the onset of ventricular filling and opening of MV is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Brief phase between the closure of the MV and before the opening of the AOV is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The E wave reflects what kind of filling? |
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Definition
| passive or early filling velocity |
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Term
| The A wave reflects what kind of filling? |
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Definition
| Late filling velocity from atrial contraction |
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Term
| Which MV leaflet is somewhat long and triangular in shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names of the papillary muscles in the MV? |
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Definition
| anterolateral and inferomedial |
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Term
| The most common casue of MS is? |
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Definition
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Term
| A frequent comorbidity of MS is ? |
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Definition
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Term
| When MS is present, the pressure in the LA stays elevated through most of diastole. The pressure difference pressure difference from the LA to the LVED pressure is called the? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other sequelae of MS include: |
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Definition
1.) Low CO exercise augments hemodynamic event
2.) LAE causes A-fib & risk for thrombus |
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Term
| Congenital MS is uncommon, but the two major forms are __ & __ , which is hemodynamically and anatomically similar to rheumatic MS. |
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Definition
mitral arcade (leaflets fused together)
&
parachute MV |
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Term
| With congenital MS parachute MV deformity, there are three other obstructive processes that commonly occur, they are? |
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Definition
1.) supravalvular ring of the LA
2.) subaortic stenosis
3.) coarctation of the AO |
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Term
MAC occurs on the fibrosa of the mitral ring. It is more common in females and is considered a degenerative, age related condition.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Normal: 4-6 cm²
Mild: 1.6 to 2.0 cm²
Moderate: 1.1 to 1.5 cm²
Severe: 1.0 or less cm²s |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The most common cause of MS is |
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Definition
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Term
| A commonly seen arrhythmia with MS is |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the type of MV deformity that occurs when both chordae insert into a single papillary muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a probable cause for calcification of the MV annulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common tumor mass to cause MV obstruction is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a prbable finding on the M-mode exam of a patient with MS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would you probably find on an M-mode exam of a patient with MS? |
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Definition
| Flying W, flattened E-F slope, reduced D-E distance |
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Term
| When the mitral leaflets are tethered together the 2-D apperance may be termed: |
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Definition
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Term
| Severe MS is considered when the MVA is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Severe MS is considered when the mean PG is : |
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Definition
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Term
| Barlow's syndrome is another term used when referring to: |
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Definition
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Term
| On the M-mode tracing of the MV, a prolapse is considered when the leaflet(s) are displaced ____ below the C-D points? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which leaflet of the MV is more commonly involved in a spontaneous rupture of the chordae tendinae? |
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Definition
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Term
| When one of the MV leaflets are flail, the leaflet tip points toward the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common cause of papillary muscle dysfunction is: |
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Definition
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Term
| When the MV leaflet is flail left ventricular function is commonly: |
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Definition
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Term
| What flow velocity can be used to calculate PA pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| On the Doppler exam, severe MR is indicated when: |
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Definition
| systolic reversal of pulmonary vein flow is detected |
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Term
| Severe AS is considered when the AOV area is: |
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Definition
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Term
| To calculate the peak PG in AS, what equation is used? |
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Definition
| modified Bernouli equation |
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Term
| When severe AS is present, the LV walls usually: |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common congenital malformation of the heart is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Another possible coexsisting defect seen with bicuspid AOV is: |
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Definition
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Term
| In severe cases of AS, the AO root may ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Severe AS is considered when the mean PG is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type I bicuspid AOV has the CA arising: |
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Definition
| anterior to the anterior cusp |
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Term
| When the AOV is bicuspid, a larger cusp may be the result of a : |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes of AO root dilation: |
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Definition
Marfan's Syndrome
HTN
Cystic medial necrosis |
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Term
| The water balloon apperance is associated with : |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common risk factor for AO Dissection is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fine fluttering of the anterior MV leaflet may suggest? |
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Definition
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Term
| When chronic AI is present, the left ventricle shape may become: |
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Definition
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Term
| Severe AI is 100% sensitive when: |
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Definition
| holodiastolic flow reversal is in the DAO |
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Term
| If the cause of TS is rheumatic valvulitis, what other lesion almost always coexsists? |
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Definition
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Term
| An ausculatory finding in TS of an increased intensity of diastolic murmur w/ inspiration is reffered to as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Severe TS is considered when the TVA is: |
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Definition
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Term
| TS resulting from a metastatic tumor is referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Up to 10% of all cardiac disease is a result of endomyocardial fibrosis in: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which TV leaflet is almost always involved in Epstein's anomally? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epstein's anomally is considered when the separation of the TV from the MV is : |
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Definition
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Term
| When severe TR is suspected, systolic flow reversal may be noted in the : |
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Definition
| IVC, SVC, middle hepatic vein |
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Term
| Normal RV systolic pressure is: |
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Definition
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Term
| PS in adults is usually the result of: |
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Definition
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Term
| The best view to evaluate the Pulmonic Valve is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The least likley region for PS to occur in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot is the : |
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Definition
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Term
| The more likley regions for PS to occur in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot are the : |
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Definition
| Infundibulum, pulmonic valve, pulmonic trunk |
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Term
| Infective endocarditis is usually the result of: |
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Definition
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Term
| A non-bacterial form of endocarditis that results in an accumulation of debris in the endocardium is: |
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Definition
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Term
| U/S may not detect vegitations that are: |
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Definition
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Term
| A small fibroelastic protrusion seen on the AOV in older patients may represent? |
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Definition
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Term
| TV vegetations occur most often in patients with ? |
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Definition
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Term
| A frequent complication of TV vegetation is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The least common site for endocarditis is what valve? |
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Definition
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Term
| This prosthetic valve is made from human AOV: |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common cause of a bioprosthetic valve to dysfunction is: |
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Definition
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Term
| This is not a cause of mechanical valve failure: |
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Definition
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Term
| TV and MV repair done at the same time is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| PHTN is a result of pulmonary arteriole constriction, and sometimes referred to as the? |
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Definition
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Term
| MVP is the most common lesion causing? |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition that is histologically characterized by disarray of the MV leaflet, thickening, and an increase in mucopolysaccharides within the leaflet tissue is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis is the result of: |
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Definition
| Libman- Sachs vegetations in patients with: systemic Lupus, infiltrative diseases |
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Term
| Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis may develop heart lesions. This is a progressive form of arthritis affecting men. If the AV is involved the lesions are located ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Reiter's Syndrome affects young men. It consists of urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis. _____ usually occurs 15 yrs after the desease begins |
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Definition
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Term
| Rheumatoid arthritis may develop AI as a result of focal valvular lesions which begin where? |
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Definition
| the center of the valve leaflet |
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Term
| Rheumatic valve disease affects ___and ___valve is usually involved first |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a common cause of AO root dilation |
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Definition
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Term
| Other diseases causing AO root dilation are: |
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Definition
| Marfan's syndrome, cystic medial necrosis, & AO dissection |
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Term
| Left atrial pressure may cause what wave on the pressure curve? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the IVC is normal in size < 2.0 cm and collapses more than 50% with inspiration, the RA pressure is assumed to be: |
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Definition
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Term
| If the IVC is dilated, but collapses more than 50%, the RA pressure is assumed to be: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| If the IVC is dilated and fixed with inspiration, the RA pressure is assumed to be |
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Definition
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