Term
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Definition
| illnesses or other medical problems that occur over a short time, that are usually the result of an infectious process, and that are reversible. |
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Term
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Definition
| the viewpoint that illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic processes and that psychological and social processes are largely independent of the disease process; the dominant model in medical practice until recently. |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that biological, psychological, and social factors are all involved in any given state of health or illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| illnesses that are long lasting and usually irreversible |
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Term
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Definition
| the viewpoint, originally advanced by Freud, that specific unconscious conflicts can produce physical disturbances symbolic of the repressed conflictual no longer a dominant viewpoint in health psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| measuring two variables and determining whether they are associated with each other. Studies relating smoking to lung cancer are correlational, for example. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in a population, based on an investigation of the physical and social environment. Thus, for example epidemiologists not only study who has what kind of cancer but also address questions such as why certain cancers are more prevalent in particular geographic areas then other cancers are. |
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Term
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Definition
| the origins and causes of illness |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of research in which a research randomly assigns people to two or more conditions, varies the treatments that people in each condition are given, and then measures the effect on some response. |
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Term
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Definition
| the absence of disease or infirmity, coupled with a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being; health psychologists recognize health to be a state that is actively achieved rather than the mere absence of illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| the subarea within psychology devoted to understanding psychological influences on health, illness, an responses to those states, as well as the psychological origins and impacts of health policy and health interventions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the repeated observation and measurement of the same individuals over a period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the philosophical position regarding whether the mind and body operate indistinguishably as a single system or whether they act as two separate systems; the view guiding health psychology is that the mind and body are indistinguishable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of cases of a disease that exist a given point in time; it may be expressed as the number of new cases (incidence) or as the total number of existing cases (prevalence). |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of deaths due to particular causes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a research strategy in which people are followed forward in time to examine the relationship between one set of variables and later occurrences. For example, prospective research can enable researches to identify risk factors for diseases that develop at a later time. |
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Term
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Definition
| a field within psychiatry, related to health psychology, that developed in the early 1900s to study and treat particular diseases believed to be caused by emotional conflicts such as ulcers, hypertension, and asthma, health related problems and diseases that examines psychological as well as somatic origins. |
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Term
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Definition
| a research strategy whereby people are studied for the relationship of past variables or conditions to current ones. Interviewing people with a particular disease and asking them about their childhood health behaviors or exposure to risks can identify conditions leading to an adult disease, for example. |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that all levels of an organization in any entity are linked to each other hierarchically and that change in any level will bring about change in other levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of interrelated analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| an optimum state of health achieved through balance among physical, mental and social well-being. |
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Term
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Definition
| two small glands, located on top of the kidneys, that are part of the endocrine system and secrete several hormones, including cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, that are involved in responses to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| chest pain that occurs because the muscle tissue of the heart is deprived of adequate oxygen or because removal of carbon dioxide and other wastes interferes with the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| a major cause of heart disease; caused by the narrowing of the arterial walls due to the formation of plaques that reduce the flow of blood through the arteries and interfere with the passage of nutrients form the capillaries into the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the body produces an immune response against its own tissue constituents. |
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Term
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Definition
| the force that blood exerts against vessel walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| the force that blood exerts against vessel walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| the transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes to the kidneys for excretion; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| the neurotransmitters, epinephrine and norepinephrine, that promote sympathetic nervous system activity; released in substantial quantities during stressful times. |
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Term
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Definition
| a slow-acting immunologic reaction involving T lymphocytes from the thymus gland; effective in defending against viral infections that have invaded the cells, and against fungi, parasites, foreign tissues, and cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the hindbrain responsible for the coordination of voluntary muscle movement, the maintenance of balance and equilibrium and the maintenance of muscle tone and posture. |
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Term
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Definition
| the main portion of the brain responsible for intelligence, memory, and the detection and interpretation of sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bodily system of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood to stimulate target organs; interacts with nervous system functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fast-acting immunologic reaction mediated by B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies into the bloodstream; effective in defending against bacterial infection and viral infections that have not yet invaded the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the forebrain responsible for regulating water balance and controlling hunger and sexual desire; assists in cardiac functioning, blood pressure regulation, and respiration regulation; plays a major role in regulation of the endocrine system, which controls the release of hormones, including those related to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's resistance to injury from invading organisms, acquire from the mother at birth, through disease, or through vaccinations and inoculations. |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which blood is filtered to remove toxic substances and excess fluid from the blood of patients who kidneys do not function properly. |
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Term
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Definition
| the drainage system if the body; believed to be involved in immune functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions such as regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. |
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Term
| myocardial infarction (MI) |
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Definition
| a heart attack produced when a clot has developed in a coronary vessel, blocking the flow of blood to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of the body responsible for the transmission of information from the brain to the rest of the body to the brain it is composed of the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (which consists of the remainder of the nerves in the body). |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning |
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Term
| nonspecific immune functions |
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Definition
| a set of responses to infection or a disorder that is engaged by the presence of a biological invader |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the part of the nervous system responsible for vegetative functions the conservation of energy, and the damping down of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which phagocytes ingest and attempt to eliminate a foreign invader. |
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Term
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Definition
| a gland located at the base of and controlled by the brain that secretes the hormones responsible for growth and organ development. |
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Term
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Definition
| small disks found in vertebrate blood that contribute to blood coagulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the hindbrain that links the hindbrain to the midbrain and helps control respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the metabolic system; responsible for the regulation of bodily fluids and the elimination of wastes; regulates bodily fluids by removing surplus water, surplus electrolytes, and waste products generated by the metabolism of food. |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of the body responsible for taking in oxygen, excreting carbon dioxide, and regulating the relative composition of the blood. |
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Term
| specific immune mechanisms |
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Definition
| responses designed to respond to specific invaders; includes cell-mediated and humoral immunity. |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the part of the nervous system that mobilizes the body for action. |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the forebrain responsible for the recognition of sensory stimuli and the relay of sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| abstinence violation effect |
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Definition
| a feeling of loss of control that results when one has violated self-imposed rules, such as not to smoke or drink. |
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Term
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Definition
| techniques that train people how to be appropriately assertive in social situations; often included as part of health behavior modification programs, on the assumption that some poor health habits, such as excessive alcohol consumption or smoking, develop in part to control difficulties in being appropriately assertive. |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of vulnerability to a particular health problem by virtue of heredity, health practices, or family environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| home practice activities that clients preform on their own as part of an integral therapeutic intervention for behavior modification. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pairing of a stimulus with an unconditional reflex, such that over time the new stimulus acquires a conditioned response, evoking he same behavioral the process by which an automatic response is conditioned to a new stimulus. |
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Term
| cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
| the use of principles from learning theory to modify the cognitions and behaviors associated with a behavior to be modified; cognitive-behavioral approaches are used to modify poor health habits, such as smoking, poor diet, and alcoholism. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of modifying internal monologues in stress-producing situations; clients are trained to monitor what why say to themselves in stress-provoking situations and then to modify their cognitions in adaptive ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which an individual forms a contract with another person, such as a therapist, detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance or nonperformance of a target behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| an environmental stimulus that is capable of eliciting a particular behavior; for example, the sight of food may act as a discriminative stimulus for eating. |
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Term
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Definition
| efforts to change attitudes by arousing fear to induce the motivation to change behavior; fear appeals are used to try to get people to change poor health habits. |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health, such as exercise or the consumption of a healthy diet. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat. |
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Term
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Definition
| a health-related behavior that is firmly established and often performed automatically, such as buckling a seat belt or brushing one's teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception that one's health is under personal control; is controlled by powerful others, such as physicians; or is determined by external factors, including chance. |
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Term
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Definition
| a general philosophy maintaing that health is a personal and collective achievement; the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. Health promotion may occur through individual efforts, through interaction with the medical system, and through a concerted health policy effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| concerted lifestyle change in a healthy direction, usually including exercise, stress management, and a healthy diet; believed to contribute to relapse prevention after successful modification of a poor health habit, such as smoking or alcohol consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning gained from observing another person performing a target behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pairing of a voluntary, nonautomatic behavior with a new stimulus through reinforcement or punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| measures designed to combat risk factors for illness before an illness has a chance to develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of techniques designed to keep people from relapsing to prior poor health habits after initial successful behavior modification; includes training in coping skills for high-risk-for-relapse situations and lifestyle rebalancing. |
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Term
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Definition
| procedures that help people relax; include progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing; may also include guided imagery and forms of meditation or hypnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which people focus on their personal values which bolsters the self-concept. |
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Term
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Definition
| a state in which an individual desiring to change behavior learns how to modify the antecedents and the consequences of that target behavior. |
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Term
| self-determination theory (SDT) |
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Definition
| the theory that autonomous motivation and perceived competence are fundamental to behavior change. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception that one is able to preform a particular action. |
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Term
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Definition
| assessing the frequency, antecedents, and consequences of a target behavior to be modified; also known as self-observation. |
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Term
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Definition
| systematically rewarding or punishing oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| internal monologues; people tell themselves things that may undermine or help them implement appropriate health habits, such as "I can stop smoking"(positive self-talk) or "i'll never be able to do this" (negative self-talk) |
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Term
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Definition
| social or lifestyle change through legislation; for example, water purification is done though social engineering rather than by individual efforts. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which people learn the norms, rules, and beliefs associated with their family and society; parents and social institutions are usually the major agents of socialization. |
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Term
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Definition
| techniques that teach people how to relax and interact comfortably in social situations; often a part of health behavior modification programs, on the assumption that maladaptive health behaviors, such as alcohol consumption or smoking, may develop in part to control social anxiety. |
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Term
| stimulus-control interventions |
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Definition
| interventions designed to modify behavior that involve the removal of discriminative stimuli that evoke a behavior targeted for change and the substitution of new discriminative stimuli that will evoke a desired behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that certain times are more effective for teaching particular health practices than others; pregnancy constitutes a teachable moment for getting women to stop smoking. |
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Term
| theory of planned behavior |
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Definition
| derived from the theory of reasoned action, a theoretical viewpoint maintaing that a person's behavioral intentions and behaviors can be understood by knowing the person's attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms regarding the behavior, and perceived behavioral control over that action. |
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Term
| transtheoretical model of behavior change |
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Definition
| an analysis of the health behavior change process that draws on the stages and processes people go through in order to bring about successful long-term behavior change. the stages include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Successful attitude or behavior change at each stage depends on the appropriateness of the intervention. For example, attitude-change materials help move people from pre contemplation to contemplation, whereas relapse prevention techniques help move people from action to maintenance. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that, at certain times, people are more vulnerable to particular health problems. For example, early adolescence constitutes a window of vulnerability for beginning smoking, drug use, and alcohol abuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| a laboratory procedure whereby an individual goes through moderately stressful procedures (such as counting backwards rapidly by 7s), so that stress-related changes in emotions and physiological and/or neuroendocrine processes may be assessed. |
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Term
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Definition
| performance and attentional decrements that occur after a stressful event has subsided; believed to be produced by the residual physiological, emotion, and cognitive draining in response to stressful events. |
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Term
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Definition
| the accumulating adverse effects of stress, in conjunction with preexisting risks, on biological stress regulatory systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stressful experience that is a usual but continually stressful aspect of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| minor daily stressful events; believed to have a cumulative effect in increasing the likelihood of illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| a response to a threat in which the body is rapidly aroused and motivated via the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system to attack or flee a threatening stimulus; the response was first described by walter cannon in 1932. |
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Term
| general adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
| developed by Hans Selye, a profile of how organisms respond to stress; the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by three phases: a nonspecific mobilization phase, which promotes sympathetic nervous system activity; a resistance phase, during which the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat; and an exhaustion phase, which occurs if the organism fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception that an event is stressful independent of its objective characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which the needs and resources of a person and the needs and resources of an environment complement each other. |
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Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| a syndrome that results after exposure to a stressor of extreme magnitude, marked by emotional numbing the reliving of aspects of the trauma, intense responses to other stressful events, and other symptoms, such as hyperalertness, sleep disturbance, guilt, or impaired memory or concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of a new or changing environment as beneficial, neutral, or negative in its consequences; believed to be a first step in stress and coping. |
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Term
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Definition
| the predisposition to react physiologically to stress; believed to be genetically based in part; high reactivity is believed to be a risk factor for a range of stress-related diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict that occurs when two or more social or occupation roles that an individual occupies produce conflicting standards for behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the assessment of one's coping abilities and resources and the judgment as to whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat, or challenge of a new or changing event. |
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Term
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Definition
| appraising events as harmful, threatening, or challenging, and assessing one's capacity to respond to those events; events that are perceived to tax or exceed ones resources are seen as stressful. |
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Term
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Definition
| events that force an individual to make changes in his or her life. |
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Term
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Definition
| events perceived to be stressful |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of responses to stress maintaining that in addition to fight or flight, humans respond to stress with social affiliation and nurturant behavior toward offspring; thought to depend on the stress hormone oxytocin; these responses may be especially true of women. |
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Term
| approach (confrontative, vigilant) coping style |
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Definition
| the tendency to to cope with stressful events by tackling them directly and attempting to develop solutions; may ultimately be an especially effective method of coping, although it may produce accompanying distress. |
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Term
| avoidant (minimizing) coping style |
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Definition
| the tendency to cope with threatening events by withdrawing, minimizing, or avoiding them; believed to be an effective short-term, though not an effective long-term, response to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| the hypothesis that coping resources are useful primarily under conditions of high stress and not necessarily under conditions of low stress. |
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Term
| control-enhancing interventions |
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Definition
| interventions with patients who are awaiting treatment for the purpose of enhancing their perceptions of control over those treatments. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of trying to manage demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding one's resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| the beneficial effects that are though to result from successful coping; these include reducing stress, adjusting more successfully to it, maintaing emotional equilibrium, having satisfying relationships with others, and maintaing a positive self image. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individuals preferred method of dealing with stressful situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that coping resources, such as social support, have beneficial psychological and health effects under conditions of both high stress and low stress |
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Term
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Definition
| efforts to regulate emotions associated with a stressful encounters can be associated with distress. |
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Term
| emotional-approach coping |
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Definition
| the process of clarifying, focusing on, and working through the emotions experienced in conjunction with as tress or; generally has positive effects on psychological functioning and health. |
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Term
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Definition
| indications from other people that one is loved, valued, and cared for; believed to be an important aspect of social support during times of stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| the provision of information to a person experiencing stress by friends, family, and other people in the individual's social network; believed to help reduce the distressing and health-compromising effects of stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| support received from another person that is outside the recipient's awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| the hypothesis that social support is helpful to an individual to the extent that the kind of support offered satisfied the individual's specific needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality variable marked by a pervasive negative mood, including anxiety, depression, and hostility; believed to be implicated in the experience of symptoms. the seeking of medical treatment, and possibly illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to do something constructive about the stressful situations that are harming, threatening or challenging and individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception that one has at one's disposal a response that will reduce, minimize, eliminate, or offset the adverse effects of an unpleasant event, such as a medical procedure. |
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Term
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Definition
| a global evaluation of ones qualities and attributions |
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Term
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Definition
| information form other people that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who create stress for others without necessarily increasing their own level of stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| a program for dealing with stress in which people learn how they appraise stressful events, develop skills for coping with stress, and practice putting these skills into effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| internal and external resources and vulnerabilities that modify how stress is experienced and its effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| the provision of material support by one person to another, such as services, financial assistance, or goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| skills for learning how to uses ones time for effectively to accomplish ones goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| the time between recognizing that a symptom exists and deciding that it is serious. |
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Term
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Definition
| the time between deciding to seek treatment and actually do so. |
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Term
| commonsense model of illness |
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Definition
| a model maintaing that people hold implicit commonsense beliefs about their symptoms and illnesses that result in organized illness representations or schemas and that influence their treatment decision and adherence. |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of delaying seeking treatment for recognized symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| the time between recognizing that a symptom implies an illness and the decision to seek treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized set of beliefs about an illness or a type of illness, including its nature, cause, duration, and consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| an informal network of family and friends who help an individual interpret and treat a disorder before the individual seeks formal medical treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a delay in treating symptoms, which results from problems within the medical system, such as fault diagnoses or lost test results. |
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Term
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Definition
| the relabeling of symptoms of fatigue and exhaustion s particular illness resulting from learning about illness called medical students' disease because overworked medical students are vulnerable to this labeling effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| benefits of being treated for illness, including the ability to rest, to be freed from unpleasant tasks, and to be taken care of by others. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who express distress and conflict through bodily symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals free from illness who are nonetheless concerned about their physical state and frequently and inappropriately use medical services. |
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