Term
| What dictates drug dosage form? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can influence patient compliance? |
|
Definition
| Convenient or agreeable dosage forms |
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Term
| Low molecular weight salts would have what predicted taste sensation? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| High molecular weight salts would have what predicted taste sensation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What taste sensation results from increased hydroxyl groups? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What taste sensation do plant alkyloids produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is taste masking used for? |
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Definition
| Concealing bitter, salty or otherwise offensive tastes and odors. |
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Term
| Modes of local drug delivery? |
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Definition
| Aerosols, ointments, nasal sprays, vaginal products |
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Term
| When taken orally drugs absorbed in the GI tract pass through ______? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does the liver have on drugs absorbed from the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Decreased systemic concentrations |
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Term
| What are advantages of delayed onset dosage forms? |
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Definition
| Dosage delivered at a time later then when it is taken. Drug released hours after taken to coincide with natural biorhythms |
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Term
| Advantages of Sustained Release dosage forms? |
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Definition
| Maintain therapeutic concentrations, decrease dosing frequency, increase patient compliance. |
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Term
| Advantages of Modified Release dosage forms? |
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Definition
| Different dosages delivered throughout the day. |
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Term
| Advantage of Pulsatile Release dosage form? |
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Definition
| Dose delivered multiple times through the day. |
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Term
| Functional Groups that are susceptible to hydrolysis? |
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Definition
| Esters, substituted amides, lactones, lactams |
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Term
| How can drugs be protected from hydrolysis? |
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Definition
| Film coating, low humidity storage, Substitute water, reconstitute immediately prior to administration, store in cool spot |
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Term
| Drugs vulnerable to oxidation? |
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Definition
| Aldehydes,alcohols, phenols, sugars, alkaloids, fats/oils |
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Term
| When does oxidation usually occur? |
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Definition
| In presence of water, trace metals, or when exposed to light |
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Term
| Color changes, odors and precipitants are signs of __________? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What can be done to protect drugs from oxidation? |
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Definition
| Antioxidants, Store in inert gas, Chelate metals, protect from light, store in cool place |
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Term
|
Definition
| Drug whose highest strength is soluble in <250 mL of water with a pH range of 1-7.5 |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug with an extent of absorption >90% of the administered dose. |
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Term
| What does Lipinski's Rule of 5 predict? |
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Definition
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Term
| Advantages of oral dosage forms? |
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Definition
| good patient compliance, good stability, can alter dissolution profile, easy to dispense |
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Term
| Types of oral dosage forms? |
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Definition
| Tablets, Capsules, chewing gum, liquids |
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Term
| Most common oral dosage form? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Purpose of excipients in tablets? |
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Definition
| Promote disintegration, improve feel in mouth, improve flow, improve compression, ease of formulation |
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Term
| Purpose of binders and granulators? |
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Definition
| Promote adhesion, maintain tablet integrity, determine hardness |
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Term
| The hardness of chewable tablets is ___, the hardness of nonchewable tablets are ____, the hardness of sustained release tablets are ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Advantages of rectal dosage forms |
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Definition
| Circumvent 1st pass metabolism, good for GI irritants, less hostile environment for drugs |
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Term
| Disadvantages of rectal dosage forms. |
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Definition
| Irregular absorbtion, inconvenient, leakage or expulsion after insertion. |
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Term
| Water based suppositories release ______ drugs best, where fat based suppositories release _________ drugs best. |
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Definition
| fat soluble, water soluble |
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Term
| How many mLs can be injected intramuscularly? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Volume limit for subcutaneous administration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Advantage of intravenous administration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Advantages of intramuscular administration. |
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Definition
| slower onset, longer duration |
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|
Term
| advantages of subcutaneous administration |
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Definition
| slowest onset, long duration |
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Term
| Use of parenteral administration? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Advantages of parenteral administration |
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Definition
| good for drugs inactivated in GI tract, rapid onset, good for pts that cant take oral meds, circumvents 1st pass metabolism |
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Term
| Transdermal dose relates to ? |
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Definition
| SA of skin, duration of contact, permeability through skin |
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Term
| Advantages of transdermal administration? |
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Definition
| Avoids GI absorption problems, can substitute for oral form, Circumvent 1st pass metabolism, painless, terminate drug effect easily |
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Term
| Advantages of pulmonary routes of administration. |
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Definition
| High concentration delivered locally, circumvent 1st pass metabolism, good for drugs inactivated in GI tract |
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|
Term
| Concerns with ocular administration? |
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Definition
| Osmolarity, tonicity, pH, sterility |
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Term
|
Definition
| Change in phase from solid to liquid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement of dissolved drug from liquid to blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| The slowest step in a process |
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Term
| Factors that determine effectiveness of dosage form |
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Definition
| disintegration rate, deaggregation rate, rate of dissolution |
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|
Term
| What does the Noyes & Whitney equation deal with? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Noyes & Whitney equation is _____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the term dM/dt signify? |
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Definition
| change in mass/change in time |
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Term
| What does the term D in the N&W equation signify? |
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Definition
| diffusion coefficient of solute |
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|
Term
| What does the term S in the N&W equation signify? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the term Cs in the N&W equation signify? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the term C in the N&W equation signify? |
|
Definition
| Concentration of drug in solvent |
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Term
| What does the term h in the N&W equation signify? |
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Definition
| thickness of diffusion layer |
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Term
| how to increase diffusion coefficient (D) |
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Definition
| decrease viscosity, increase solvent temp |
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Term
| How to increase Surface Area of drug (S) |
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Definition
| make particle size smaller |
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Term
| How to make particle sizes smaller |
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Definition
| Chew, crush, cut, micronize, nanocrystalize, mortar and pestle |
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Term
| how to decrease diffusion layer |
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Definition
| mix with effervescent salts |
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Term
| How to increase solubility of drug |
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Definition
| Salt form, crystalline form, prodrug, solvent pH |
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Term
| What dissolves faster, Free acid or sodium/potassium salt, regardless of dissolution media pH. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When more then one crystalline form is possible |
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Term
| What is a metastable form? |
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Definition
| a polymorphic form that converts to the stable crystalline form. |
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Term
| Do polymorphic forms have the same physical and chemical properties? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which has higher solubility and bioavailable, the stable crystalline form or the Metastable form. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Do amorphous forms exhibit crystallinity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is more stable, Crystal form or amorphous form. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Amorphous form is ________ to chemical degradation than the crystalline form |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which uses more energy to dissolve, Amorphous form or Crystalline form. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement of drug into blood stream |
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Term
| 4 factors affecting drug absorption |
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Definition
| physiochemical properties, formulations, route of administration, the patient |
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Term
| What are the physiochemical properties that affect absorption |
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Definition
| molecular weight, ionization state, hydrophobicity,structure |
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Term
| Can you predict drug absorption characteristics from several homologous drugs that only vary by one physiochemical property each? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does drug absorption usually rely on? |
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Definition
| Crossing a membrane to reach the blood stream. |
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Term
| Physiochemical factors that affect absorption. |
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Definition
| binding to transporter, hydrophobic, low molecular weight, and non-ionized state |
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Term
| Formulation factors that affect drug absorption. |
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Definition
| Dosage form, prodrug, excipients |
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Term
|
Definition
| Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination |
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Term
| Prodrugs are designed to affect what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Do IV drugs have to cross a membrane to be effective? |
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Definition
| No, they are already in the blood stream. |
|
|
Term
| primary component of cell membrane |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is transcellular movement active or passive diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in transcellular, passive diffusion what determines the diffusion rate? |
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Definition
| Concentration, size, lipid solubility, absorptive surface area, and ionization state |
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|
Term
| in which direction can active transport move substances, with regard to concentration gradient? |
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Definition
| Against the concentration gradient |
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|
Term
| is energy required in active transport? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is energy required for facilitated passive diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can facilitated passive diffusion transport against the concentration gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is energy required for receptor mediated transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for which type of drugs is receptor mediated transport useful. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What patient factors affect drug absorption? |
|
Definition
| Age, sex, health, and nutritional state |
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|
Term
| Age factors affecting drug absorption |
|
Definition
| Skin thickness, stomach acidity |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of dispersions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define colloidal dispersion |
|
Definition
| 1-500 nm phase dispersion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.5 micrometers to 50 micrometers phase dispersion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Force per unit area applied parallel to to the surface in order to counterbalance the net inward pull |
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|
Term
| The higher the the surface tension, the _______ the energy stored at the interface. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does S indicate in S=Wa-Wc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adhesion forces are greater then cohesion forces |
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|
Term
| When S is positive spreading ________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines if a droplet will spread? |
|
Definition
| reduction in surface free energy |
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|
Term
| What type of characteristics do surfactants have? |
|
Definition
| both hydrophobic and hydrophillic |
|
|
Term
| Surfactants are ___________? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Surfactants help orient hydrophobic moieties toward which phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can colloidal dispersions be viewed with? |
|
Definition
| ultramicroscope, electron microscope |
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|
Term
| Colloidal dispersions have _____ diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid, lower viscosity then gels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| solid particles form bridged particles with mechanical strength |
|
|
Term
| what designates the dispersion vehicle? |
|
Definition
| the prefix ex. hydrogel, alcogel, aerogel |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extensive solvation of the dispersed phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dispersed phase has strong affinity for oils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vehicle is usually associated with lyophilic dispersions? |
|
Definition
| nonpolar liquid heavy in hydrocarbons and low dielectric constant |
|
|
Term
| Dispersion that has little attraction between particle and vehicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dispersed phase consisting of aggregate of molecules too small to be considered colloid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having large hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups on same molecule |
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|
Term
| What does the equation D=RT/6(pi)nrN |
|
Definition
| Diffusion coefficient for spherical molecules |
|
|
Term
| What does R indicate in D=RT/6(pi)nrN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does T indicate in D=RT/6(pi)nrN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does n indicate in D=RT/6(pi)nrN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does r indicate in D=RT/6(pi)nrN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does N indicate in D=RT/6(pi)nrN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What governs particle movement in dispersions? |
|
Definition
| Brownian motion. x=sqrt(2Dt) |
|
|
Term
| Dissolution rates and absorption are affected by _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes particle size to increase? |
|
Definition
| sedimentation or creaming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more immiscible fluids, 0.1-100nm, does not separate easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantages of Suspensions |
|
Definition
| easier to swallow, flexible dosing, more palatable taste, prolonged therapeutic effect, deliver poor water soluble drugs |
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