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Relief, Recovery, and Reform
-Monetary reform: Emergency Banking Relief Act
Federal supervision of all banks, guarantee reopened bank deposit by 100%; gold standard ended, while worldwide gold purchase began.
-Relief
-Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), creating 3 million jobs.
-Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), $5 million make work projects highway, public buildings, etc.
-Civil Works Administration.
-Works Progress Administration (WPR), helped 9 million people through make-work projects. |
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| Agriculture Adjustment Administration |
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| to boost farm price by cutting production through benefit payment |
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| National Recovery Administration |
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through the code system to manage competition; Negotiating codes for production quota, product pricing, labor standard, etc.
The “Blue Eagle Campaign” to push the volunteer program; the concept of “collective bargain;”Supreme Court struck it down in 1936 |
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| Indian Reorganization Act |
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| John Collier; replace the provisions of the Dawes Act; reinvigorate Indian cultural traditions; passed, but was a much-diluted version. |
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FDR’s forceful response
-The Wagner Act: union’s right to collective bargaining; the Labor Relations Board
-The Social Security Act: a payroll tax pool for unemployment and retirement benefits
-The Revenue Act of 1935: raising taxes on the rich, the highest max tax rate on income, estate tax, corporation tax, and gift tax |
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| “share the wealth” program: confiscating large private fortune to give to the poor (guaranteed cash grant, annual income, college education). |
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| to appoint one more justice for every existing one over 70 or had served over 10 years |
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| Japan, Italy, Germany; Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis |
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| FDR won the 3rd term over |
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| authorized the president to sell, lend, or lease arms and other equipment and supplies to any allies. |
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| The Neutrality Act of 1935 |
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| forbade the sale of arms and munitions to all belligerents (warring nations) whenever the president proclaimed a state of war existed; Americans who travel on belligerents’ ships are at their own risk. |
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| between Roosevelt and Churchill; called for the self-determination of all peoples, economic cooperation, freedom of the seas, and a new international system of collective security. |
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| commander of the central Pacific; attacked Japan |
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| the daring cross-Channel invasion of France; surprised Germans; led by Eisenhower; fooled Hitler’s generals |
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| American dive-bombers sank Japanese ships. Turning point in the Pacific war. Aircraft carriers, not battleships, would decide the naval conflict |
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| women entered work force; Rosie the Riveter. |
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| head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; organized a march on Washington to demand an end to racial discrimination in defense industries. Struck a deal with FDR; prohibited racial discrimination in companies that received federal defense contracts. |
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| June 6, 1944; Invasion of Normandy coast. |
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| General. Tricked Hitler in Operation Overlord. |
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| Winston Churchill to Truman: “An iron curtain is drawn down upon the Russian front. We do not know what is going on behind it.” The notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in Eastern Europe in 1989. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization; league of capitalist nations to counteract communist Warsaw Treaty Organization |
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| "Containment"/George Kennan |
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| Mr. X; counselor of the US embassy in Moscow, sent an 8,000 word dispatch to the State Department, in which he sketched the roots of Soviet policy; published anonymously in Foreign Affairs; “long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” |
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| A group of rebellious southern Democrats; anti-Truman; Strom Thurmond on a states rights ticket |
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| region from the newly settled south (Arizona, New Mexico, etc) |
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| House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)— |
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| kept up a barrage of accusations about supposed communists in the federal government; subpoenaed 19 prominent Hollywood writers, producers, and actors intending to prove that Communist party members dominated the Screen Writers Guild and used propaganda. |
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| US aid of $400 million to Greece and Turkey “supporting free people” around the world against tyranny (“scare the hell out of American people”) |
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| Republican senator from Wisconsin; claimed the State Department was infested with communists. Never uncovered a single Communist agent in the Government. |
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| led the suburban revolution; 1,200 acres of Long Island farmland, built 10,600 houses for 40,000 people. |
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| The desire to liberate self-expression and reject middle-class conventions; small but controversial group of young writers, poets, painters, and musicians. Rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle-class life. |
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| Earl Warren (the Warren Court)— |
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| appointed as chief justice of Supreme Court by Eisenhower; led an active Court on issues of civil rights and liberties. Became an important force for social and political change in the 1960’s. |
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| the French government requested an American air strike to relieve the pressure; they declined. Viet Minh overwhelmed the French resistance. |
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| French attempt to regain colonial control and the US changing policy on self-determination |
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| separate but equal has no place in education; overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson |
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| the first civil rights law passed since Reconstruction by Eisenhower. Established the Civil Rights Commission and a new Civil Rights Division in the Justice Department. Still had not added a single southern black to the voting roles. Lacked teeth and depended upon vigorous presidential enforcement to achieve any real result |
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| concept of “massive retaliation” and the “brinksmanship”; Eisenhower’s secretary and foreign policy advisor; hard-line stance on Communism. |
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| Lost to Eisenhower; Truman withdrew from the election of 1953 and gave his support to the Illinois governor. Wanted to “talk sense and tell the truth to the American people; came across as too intellectual. |
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| Power in the south gravitated to a new premier, a Catholic nationalist who had opposed both the French and the Viet Minh. Took office during the Geneva talks. Eisenhower offered to assist Diem if he would enact democratic reforms and distribute land to the peasants. US aid took the form of training Diem’s armed forces and police. Instead, suppressed his political opponents, offering little or no land distribution and permitting widespread corruption. |
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| had support of many Americans who hoped for democracy in Cuba. Instituted programs of land reform and nationalization, worsening US relations. Accepted Soviet support |
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| Alabama Governor; blocked African American students from entering the University of Alabama |
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| Soviets granted Castro’s request for nuclear missiles. US naval quarantine; Soviets withdrew missiles of US wouldn’t invade Cuba |
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| ran against Johnson; who launched the conservative moment when he accepted the Republican nomination for presidency, reminding America “extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice.” Wanted to bomb Vietnam. |
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| two American destroyers had been attacked by North Vietnamese vessels, unprovoked. Resolution authorized president to ‘take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against US’ |
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| embraced violence; high profile assassinations |
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| Nixon: to capture the votes of white southerners who left Democrats on Civil Rights issues |
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| Daniel Ellsberg and the leakage of the Pentagon Papers; The CREEP’s (Committee to Re-Elect the President) illegal break-in to the Watergate DNC headquarters, and Nixon’s cover-up effort in the face of the independent council’s investigation |
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| the only unelected president in history |
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| major failure of Carter; hostages held for over a year, wouldn’t be released until Reagan was president |
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| born against Christian; more of a moralist and social engineer than a president; his earlier populist image hid his lack of working relations with Congress |
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