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| created the cotton gin in the U.S. |
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| smuggled technology into the U.S. |
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| freed slave who started the largest slave revolt on his old plantation in Virginia |
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| invented the McCormick Reaper that produced wheat and grains faster |
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| invented the steam locomotive |
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| invented the telegraph and used Morse Code |
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| invented the singing plow |
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| expanded educational reform, particularly in Massachusetts |
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| started the Liberator, the first abolitionist newspaper |
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| started the North Star, an abolitionist newspaper in Massachusetts |
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| helped slaves escape to Canada on the Underground Railroad |
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| manly woman who created the Declaration of Sentiments and Grivences at the Seneca Falls Convention; formed the National Women’s Suffrage Association, the first independent women’s rights movement |
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| manly woman who created the Declaration of Sentiments and Grivences at the Seneca Falls Convention |
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| attractive woman who could not do anything to advance women’s rights because she was not American |
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| started prison reforms in Massachusetts and introduced idea of mental illness causing criminal behavior |
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| founder of Mormonism who was killed in a prison riot |
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| Mormon leader who brought his people to Utah Territory |
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| President who introduced Manifest Destiny |
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| First American settler in Texas |
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| Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana |
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| President of Mexico who disliked whites and wanted to make an example out of them at the Alamo |
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| politician turned general who gained independence for Texas |
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| Secretary of State who pushed for expansion of slavery into Mexico |
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| sent to Japan with gunships to force them to open trade |
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| Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania who introduced the Wilmont Proviso in an attempt to stop the expansion of slavery |
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| Democrat from Michigan who ran in the Election of 1848 on the platform of popular sovereignty |
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| Whig from Louisiana who ran in the Election of 1848 and did not discuss slavery at all; died after two years in office of the stomach flu |
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| former President who ran in the Election of 1848 as a member of the Free Soil Party and wanted to abolish slavery and increase land rights |
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| took over as President after Zachary Taylor died in office |
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| came up with the Compromise of 1850 |
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| emerged as a powerful senator and pushed the Compromise of 1850 through congress; supported popular sovereignty during the Lincoln-Douglass Debates; Northern Democratic candidate in the Election of 1860 |
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| invented the sewing machine |
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| wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which highlighted the horrors of slavery |
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| freed black who started a social class of rich elite blacks by buying and selling slaves |
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| radical abolitionist who emerged in Bleeding Kansas and lead an attack on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, thus starting the Civil War |
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| slave sold to a military surgeon who sued his master after travelling from a free state back into a slave state; lost three times in court |
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| 16th President of the United States; supported the Compromise of 1850 during the Lincoln-Douglass Debates; lost every election before Presidency; Republican candidate in Election of 1860 who wanted a continental railroad, supported free homesteaders, denounced John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, and wanted to stop the expansion of slavery; won every Northern state except New Jersey in the election; goal throughout the Civil War was to preserve the Union; stated, “A house divided against itself cannot stand”; believed the Civil War would be over in 90 days; placed Maryland under Marshall Law; issued the Emancipation Proclamation after the Battle of Antietam; issued Gettysburg Address after the Battle of Gettysburg and said, “These dead shall not have died in vain”; assassinated in Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth five days after the end of the civil war |
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| Southern Democratic candidate in the Election of 1860 who wanted the federal government to step into state affairs; won every Southern state and still lost the election |
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| first President of the Confederate States of America |
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| excellent military general of the Confederate States of American army; originally Lincoln's first choice for general of the Union Army; met face to face when he surrendered at the Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 |
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| excellent military general of the Confederate States of American army; originally Lincoln's first choice for general of the Union Army; met face to face when he surrendered at the Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 |
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| Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson |
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| second in command of the Confederate States of America’s military; became a hero and earned his nickname at the Battle of Bull Run for not giving up any land |
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| created the Anaconda Plan for the North during the Civil War |
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| first commander of the Union army who only lasted two months |
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| unsuccessful Union general who was very slow to motivate and stage troops and only lasted between three and six months; launched an all-out frontal assault at the Battle of Antietam; ran as a Democrat in the election of 1864 but lost |
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| general for the Union army who became a war hero, but was also a womanizer and alcoholic; introduced concept of total war; elected President for being a war hero in both Election of 1868 and Election of 1872; was effective in reuniting the country but was plagued by scandal and was exposed by Horace Greeley; passed the KKK Act of 1871; known for political favoritism; launched an aggressive attack on Natives at Nez Perce to force them onto reservations |
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| identified life, liberty, and property as the three causes for the colonists to start a revolution |
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| Union general hired by Grant who started in Chattanooga, Tennessee and initiated a March to the Sea, destroying everything in his mile-wide path; burned Atlanta to the ground and continued to Savannah; philosophy was “Join us, reap the rewards”; sent by government to free up land from Charleston to Jacksonville to give to freed blacks after the Civil War |
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| first black noncommissioned officer |
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| started the American Red Cross and helped soldiers off the battlefield of the Civil War |
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| most famous woman spy in the Civil War |
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| Senator from Tennessee who remained loyal to the Union; Vice President for Abraham Lincoln, took over after his assassination; population was split in half between supporters and opponents; wife taught him how to read, write, and do math; enacted Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan while congress was on recess; fired Edward Stanton and angered congress, who attempted to impeach him |
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| Southern sympathizer and actor who assassinated Abraham Lincoln |
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| Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln who was fired by Johnson; locked himself in an office with a gun and threatened to kill anyone who tried to take him out of office |
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| Governor of New York who ran in the Election of 1868 |
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| journalist and publisher of the New York Tribune who exposed Ulysses S. Grant for his scandals and ran against him the Election of 1872 |
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| Democrat who won the common vote in the Election of 1876 |
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| Republican who won the Electoral College by one vote in the Election of 1876 and became President for one term; goal was to reform civil service and appease the South; increased value of currency and labor relations between government and business |
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| first black senator; from Mississippi |
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| writer who introduced the Gilded Age and wrote about politics and big business |
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| epitome of the Gilded Age who stole $35 – 200 million and founded the political machine Tamney Hall; was both a local Democratic politician and congressman; was charged and imprisoned in New York but escaped to Spain before being returned to the U.S. and dying |
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| Republican who served one year as 20th President of the United States and tried to attack corruption before he was assassinated and died in Long Branch |
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| wealthy Republican President who took over after Garfield’s assassination and combined business and politics; signed the Pendleton Act to end political favoritism |
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| Democratic President who repealed the Tenure of Office Act and gave tax breaks to big businesses, therefore taxing the common man; only President to serve two nonconsecutive terms; Pullman Strike occurred during his second term |
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| Republican President who served one term and challenged the Monroe Doctrine because he aimed to end isolationism and gain new territory |
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| invented the Bessemer process of steel production, which allowed for production five times faster |
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| king of the railroad industry |
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| one of the first speculators who estimated the growth of businesses |
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| came up with the idea of survival of the fittest, which eventually lead to Social Darwinism |
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| developed the Social Gospel which linked social Darwinism and Laissez-Faire because he believed that the wealthy should take care of everything; used the vertical integration business model to gain control of the railroad industry by owning everything from the raw material to the final product |
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| creator of Central Park and other New York City parks and statues |
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| owned the Standard Oil Company and used horizontal integration to gain a monopoly of the oil industry; bought out his competition until he owned 90% of the oil in America |
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| financial capitalist who used trusts to make money |
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| owned a monopoly on the canning industry |
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| owned a monopoly on the meat packing industry |
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| career was launched by the Spanish-American War when he arrived in Cuba with the Rough Riders, or the 10th Cavalry; Vice President who took over the Presidency after McKinley’s assassination; motto was, “Speak soft, carry a big stick”; took over for canal building, introduced dollar diplomacy in Dominican Republic, and expanded the Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary; political reform President of the Progressive Era who strongly believed in the people and the need to reform |
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| political reform President of the Progressive Era who strongly believed in the people and the need to reform |
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| political reform President of the Progressive Era who strongly believed in the people and the need to reform |
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| formed the National Women’s Suffrage Association, the first independent women’s rights movement |
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| Sioux leader who killed over 1,000 white settlers because he thought he owned the land during the Plains War |
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| Sioux leader who targeted miners during the Plains War |
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| former medicine man forced to become Sioux leader during the Plains War; died at Wounded Knee |
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| Civil War hero who traveled West with 182 men and a maxim gun and attacked 5,000 Natives at Little Big Horn |
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| Sioux chief who attempted to move his people 1,200 miles North to Canada |
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| Apache leader thought to be a terrorist but really a petty thief and folk hero |
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| senator who created the Dawes Act, which broke up the reservation system, decreased the Natives land from 138 million acres to 48 million, and built Native American schools for Indians who took up a Christian name; wanted Natives to assimilate or die; wanted to give Natives 160 acres of land where there was no water, growing, or funding |
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| Yellow Journalist and publisher of the New York World who is said to have started the Spanish-American War; said, “You supply the pictures, I’ll supply the war.” |
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| Republican who won the Elections of 1896 and 1900; was the last President to ride around in open public; gold was discovered in Alaska during his term; assassinated in Buffalo, New York at the World’s Fair, or the Pan-American Exhibition; doctors were afraid to use the X-ray machine because it was new technology, so a bullet remained lodged near his heart for 4 -5 days until he died |
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